Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences

Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences

Los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza se están desarrollando como un medio legal alternativo para permitir la justicia para la naturaleza y, a menudo, también para los humanos. Este estudio examina los dos enfoques fundamentales de los derechos de la naturaleza ordenados por los tribunales de Colombia que reconocen los ecosistemas, la cuenca del río Atrato (2016) y la Amazonía colombiana (2018), como un sujeto legal con derechos de protección, mantenimiento, conservación y restauración. Desarrollados como remedios para las violaciones de los derechos humanos, ambos casos ofrecen oportunidades para explorar variaciones en los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza y la relación entre los esfuerzos para hacer posible la justicia pa... Ver más

Guardado en:

Revista Derecho del Estado

0122-9893

2346-2051

Richardson, Whitney

Bustos, Camila

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

10.18601/01229893.n54.08

2022-11-28

227

275

Colombia

litigio estratégico,

Derechos de la naturaleza,

cambio climático,

justicia ecológica,

justicia ambiental,

Amazonía colombiana,

río de Atrato,

Colombia

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

Whitney Richardson, Camila Bustos - 2022

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

id e587738d0a4daf182e4554de8c22843d
record_format ojs
spelling Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
Morales, L. Peace and Environmental Protection in Colombia: Proposals for Sustainable Rural Development. Report. In Inter-American Dialogue, 2017. Available from: https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Envt-ColombiaEng_WebRes_Final-for-web.pdf [Accessed 2 February 2020].
Martin, H. M. “Defoliating the World”: Ecocide, Visual Evidence and “Earthly Memory”. In Third Text, No. 32, 2018, 230-253.
McNeish, J. A. Extracting Justice? Colombiaʼs Commitment to Mining and Energy as a Foundation for Peace. In The International Journal of Human Rights. No. 21, 2016, 500-516.
Medio Ambiente. Guardianes del Yuruparí presentan tutela contra el uso de mercurio en la Amazonía. In El Espectador. 19 November 2019. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medio-ambiente/guardianes-del-yuruparipresentan-tutelacontra-el-uso-de-mercurio-en-la-amazonia-articulo891642?fbclid=IwAR2r978Mz724e1SgS15PP0dkBrddVMoJV8lS7Iur9NF6Nmgayiz-OSlS2Q [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Medio Ambiente. Las preguntas incómodas por el “Operativo Picachos”. In El Espectador. 3 November 2018. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medioambiente/las-preguntas-incomodas-por-el-operativo-picachos-articulo-821798 [Accessed 16 March 2020].
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Continúan disminuyendo las alertas de deforestación en la Amazonia colombiana. 2019. Available from: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/noticias/4502-continuandisminuyendo-las-alertas-dedeforestacion-en-la-amazonia-colombiana [Accessed 29 January 2020].
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. En este gobierno, la falta de agua, la pérdida de la biodiversidad y la contaminación ambiental se convirtieron en una preocupación de seguridad nacional, gracias a la nueva política de defensa y seguridad para la equidad. 2019. Available from: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/noticias/4279-en-este-gobierno-la-falta-de-agua-la-perdida-de-la-biodiversidady-la-contaminacion-ambiental-se-convirtieron-en-una-preocupacion-de-seguridad-nacional-gracias-a-la-nueva-politica-de-defensa-y-seguridad-para-la-equidad [Accessed 29 January 2020].
Moloney, A. Colombiaʼs Amazon Forest Gets Boost with $366 Million Protection Fund. In Reuters. 11 December 2019. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/uscolombia-forests-climate-trfn/colombiasamazon-forest-gets-boost-with-366-millionprotection-fund-iduskbn1YF2BD [Accessed 7 January 2020].
Morales, C. Deforestación en Amazonía tuvo reducción durante primeros meses de 2019. In La FM. 2019. Available from: https://www.lafm.com.co/medioambiente/deforestacion-en-amazonia-tuvo-reduccion-durante-primeros-meses-de2019 [Accessed 12 January 2020].
Morales, C. Presentan tutela por contaminación con mercurio en Amazonia colombiana. In rcn Radio. 2019. Available from: https://www.rcnradio.com/estilo-de-vida/medioambiente/presentan-tutela-por-contaminacion-con-mercurio-en-amazonia [Accessed 12 January 2020].
Morris, C. The Rights and Duties of Beasts and Trees: A Law Teacher’s Essay for Landscape Architects. In Journal of Legal Education. No. 17, 1964, 185-192.
Macpherson, E. J. Rivers as Subjects and Indigenous Water Rights in Colombia. In Indigenous Water Rights in Law and Regulation: Lessons from Comparative Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 131-160.
Nación. Confrontación entre campesinos y Ejército en parque natural Los Picachos, Meta. In Semana. 22 February 2020. Available from: https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/parque-cordillera-los-picachoscampesinos-se-enfrentan-al-ejercito/653260 [Accessed 13 March 2020].
Ng’weno, B. On Titling Collective Property, Participation and Natural Resource Management: Implementing Indigenous and Afro-Colombian Demands. A Review of Bank Experience in Colombia. September 2000. Available at: https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00530/web/pdf/colombia.pdf [Accessed 15 July 2022].
O’Donnell, E. L. & Talbott-Jones, J. Creating Legal Rights for Rivers: Lessons from Australia, New Zealand & India. In Ecology & Society. No. 23, 2018, 7.
Olarte-Olarte, M. C. From Territorial Peace to Territorial Pacification: Anti-Riot Police Powers and Socio-Environmental Dissent in the Implementation of Colombiaʼs Peace Agreement. In Revista de Estudios Sociales. No. 67, 2019.
Olaya, C. Un doble rasero en la lucha contra la deforestación. In Dejusticia. 7 June 2019. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/column/un-doble-rasero-en-la-lucha-contraladeforestacion/ [Accessed 3 October 2019].
Osofsky, H. M. The Geography of Emerging Global South Climate Change Litigation. In ajil Unbound. No. 114, 2020.
Oxfam International. Defensores de derechos agrarios, territoriales y medioambientales en Colombia: arriesgando la vida por la paz. Report. 2019. Available from: https://272oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620872/bpcolombia-womenenvironmental-defenders-021019-es.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Pardo, A. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo profundiza el modelo extractivista. In Razón Pública. 4 March 2019. Available from: https://razonpublica.com/el-plannacional-dedesarrollo-profundiza-el-modelo-extractivista/ [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Paz Cardona, A. J. Colombia: incendios, amenazas de muerte y operativos militares desatan nueva crisis en la Amazonía. In Mongabay, 26 February 2020. Retrieved from: https://es.mongabay.com/2020/02/incendios-en-la-amazoniacolombia-amenazas-y-tala/
Marandúa Stereo 100.7 FM. Campesinos convocan manifestación este sábado en Puerto Cachicamo (Guaviare). 16 November 2019. Available from: https://marandua.com.co/campesinos-convocanmanifestacion-este-sabado-en-puerto-cachicamo-guaviare/ [Accessed 8 February 2020].
Luque, S. Crece la deforestación en Colombia: más de 171 mil hectáreas se perdieron en el 2020. In Mongabay. 2021. Available from: https://es.mongabay.com/2021/07/crece-deforestacion-colombia-2020/ [Accessed 17 January 2020].
Presidencia de la República. Declaración del Presidente Iván Duque en la presentación de la Campaña ʻArtemisaʼ contra la deforestación. 28 April 2019. Available from: https://id.presidencia.gov.co/Paginas/prensa/2019/190428-Declaracion-delPresidenteIvan-Duque-en-la-presentacion-de-la-Campana-Artemisa-contra-ladeforestacion.aspx [Accessed 3 March 2020].
IDEAM, MinAmbiente & Prosperidad para Todos. Boletín Forestal 2011. Report. 2011. Available from: http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/022790/ideamboletinfores tal2011.pdf [31 January 2020].
Hawaii Invasive Species Council. Mongoose. Available from: https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/mongoose/ [Accessed 12 April 2020].
Hermann, L. J. The High Price of Peace in Colombia: Deforestation in the Amazon. In Lifegate. 2019. Available from: https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/deforestationin-the-amazon-colombia [Accessed 2 February 2020].
Hernández, T. R. La deforestación va a un ritmo exagerado con o sin pandemia. In El Tiempo. 27 April 2020. Available from: https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/medioambiente/la-deforestacion-va-a-un-ritmo-exagerado-con-o-sin-pandemia488750?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR1xbhCGoTVnB4mttygP-FYoIkMaPIqrwPp_Ah3T6cRnuQwT0HjvHMh24#Echobox=1587924041 [Accessed 3 May 2020].
Hill, D. “Defending Our Existence”: Colombian Tribe Stands in the Way of Oil Exploration. In The Guardian. 2 April 2019. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/andes-to-the-amazon/2019/apr/02/colombiasiona-tribe-oil-exploration-territoryputumayo [Accessed 3 April 2020].
Houston, D. Crisis Is Where We Live: Environmental Justice for the Anthropocene. In Globalizations. No. 10, 2013, 439-450.
Human Rights. Colombia: ʻTerrible Trendʼ of Rights Defenders Killed, Harassed; UN Calls for ʻSignificant Effortʼ to Tackle Impunity. In UN News. 10 May 2019. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/05/1038281 [Accessed 9 April 2020].
IDEAM. Detección Temprana de Deforestación. 2021. Available from: http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/023903/26Boletin.pdf [Accessed 17 July 2021].
IDEAM. Detección Temprana de Deforestación. 2019. Available from: http://smbyc.ideam.gov.co/Monitoreobcweb/pub/alertasDeforestacion.jsp?0.5236824555034414 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
IDEAM. Resultados Monitoreo de la Deforestación. In 2018. Available from: http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/24277/91213793/Actualizacion_cifras2018finaldeforestacion.pdf/80b719d7-1bf6-4858-8fd3-b5ce192a2fdc [Accessed 2 March 2020].
Impacto. Crece tensión en Meta y Caquetá por operativo en el parque Tinigua. In Semana Sostenible. 24 February 2020. Available from: https://sostenibilidad.semana.com/impacto/articulo/continua-la-protestacampesina-por-operativo-en-el-parque-tinigua/48763 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
Low, N. & Gleeson, B. Justice, Society & Nature: An Exploration of Political Ecology. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
Impacto. Pueblos indígenas exigirán al Estado protección de su territorio. In Semana Sostenible. 12 September 2019. Available from: https://sostenibilidad.semana.com/impacto/articulo/pueblos-indigenas-exigiran-alestado-proteccion-de-su-territorio/46710 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Global Warming of 1.5 ºC (Special Report), 2018. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf [Accessed 1 January 2020].
Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Global Assessment Report. Bonn: ipbes Secretariat, 2019. Available from: https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment-report-biodiversity-ecosystem-services [Accessed 1 January 2020].
Kopnina, H. The Lorax Complex: Deep Ecology, Ecocentricism and Exclusion. In Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences. No. 9, 2012, 235-254.
Langbein, L., & Sanabria, B. The Shape of Corruption: Colombia as a Case Study. In The Journal of Development Studies. No. 49, 2013, 1500-1513.
La W. El escolta Jairo Rendón fue encontrado muerto a orillas del río Atrato: Pablo González. In W Radio. 13 November 2019. Available from: https://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/actualidad/el-escolta-jairo-rendon-fueencontrado-muerto-a-orillas-delrio-atrato-pablogonzalez/20191113/nota/3978293.aspx [Accessed 22 January 2020].
Legrand, C. C.; Van Isschot, L., & Riaño-Alcalá, P. Land, Justice, and Memory: Challenges for Peace in Colombia. In Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, No. 42, 2017, 259-276.
Lemaitre Ripoll, J. El derecho como conjuro: fetichismo legal, violencia y movimientos sociales. 2009.
Lindgren, T. Ecocide, Genocide and the Disregard of Alternative Life-Systems. In The International Journal of Human Rights. No. 22, 2017, 525-549.
Peña Huertas, R. From Transitional Justice to Post-Agreement Rural Reform: Many Obstacles and a Long Way to Go. In Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Colombia: Transitioning from Violence. London: Routledge, 2018.
Procuraduría General de la Nación. Directiva No. 004: Lineamientos con Relación la Problemática de Deforestación y sus Consecuencias en la Región Amazónica Colombiana. Informe para servidores públicos y particulares que transitoriamente ejerzan funciones públicas. 5 April 2019.
Granada, S., Restrepo, J. A. & Vargas, A. R. El agotamiento de la política de seguridad: evolución. In Guerra y violencias en Colombia: herramientas e interpretaciones. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2009.
Wesselink, A.; Paavola, J.; Fritsch, O., & Renn, O. Rationales for Public Participation in Environmental Policy and Governance: Practitioners’ Perspectives. In Environment and Planning. No. 43, 2011, 2688-2704.
Vélez, J. & Garzón, C. A. La chispa que prende los incendios de La Macarena. In La Silla Vacía. 1 March 2020. Available from: https://lasillavacia.com/chispa-prendelos-incendios-macarena-75683 [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Villavicencio, P. A Paradigm Shift in Courtsʼ View on Nature: The Atrato River and Amazon Basin Cases in Colombia. In Law, Environment and Development Journal. No. 15, 2019, 1-11.
Visión Amazonía. La deforestación en Colombia se redujo 10% en 2018 en comparación con el año 2017, y 17% respeto a la tendencia de crecimiento estimada para 2018. 2019. Available from: https://visionamazonia.minambiente.gov.co/news/la-deforestacion-encolombia-se-redujo-10-en-comparacion-con-el-ano-2017-y-17-respecto-a-la-tendenciade-crecimiento-estimada-para-2018/ [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Voigt, C. (ed.). A Rule of Law for Nature: New Dimensions and Ideas in Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013
Volckhausen, T. Land Grabbing, Cattle Ranching Ravage Colombian Amazon after farc Demobilization. In Mongabay. 30 May 2019. Available from: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/05/land-grabbing-cattle-ranching-ravagecolombian-amazon-after-farcdemobilization/ [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Volckhausen, T. Colombian Land Defenders: “Theyʼre Killing Us One by One”. In Amazon Watch. 9 March 2018. Available from: https://amazonwatch.org/news/2018/0309-colombian-land-defenders-theyrekilling-us-one-by-one [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Walker, G. Globalizing Environmental Justice: The Geography and Politics of Frame Contextualization and Evolution. In Global Social Policy. No. 9, 2009, 355-382.
Washington, H.; Chapron, G.; Kopnina, H.; Curry, P.; Gray, J., & Piccolo, J. J. Foregrounding Ecojustice in Conservation. En Biological Conservation. No. 228, 2018, 367-374.
Weiss, E. B. Rule of Law for Nature in a Kaleidoscopic World. In Rule of Law for Nature: New Dimensions and Ideas in Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 27-45.
Wood, M. C. Nature’s Trust: A Legal, Political, and Moral Frame for Global Warming. In Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. No. 34, 2007, 577-603.
United Nations Environmental Programme (unep). Environmental Rule of Law: First Global Report. 2019. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27279/Environmental_rule_of_law.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Accessed 9 September 2019].
Yang, T. Towards an Egalitarian Global Environmental Ethics. In Environmental Ethics and International Policy. unesco, 2006, 23-45.
Zulver, J. Feasible Justice: Has Colombia Over-Promised and Under-Delivered Reparations for Its 8.6 Million Victims? In Justiceinfo.net. 2018. Available from: https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/37686-feasible-justice-has-colombia-over-promised-andunder-delivered-reparations-for-its-8-6-million-vic.html [Accessed 12 May 2020].
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Text
Velez, I. Law of Victims and Land Restitution: Colombia’s Ambitious Law Faces Implementation Challenges. In fiu Law Review. No. 9, 2014, 451-484.
UN Environment. What Are Environmental Rights? Available from: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/environmental-rights-and-governance/what-we-do/advancing-environmental-rights/what [Accessed 9 September 2019].
Ramírez, M. C. Militarism on the Colombian Periphery in the Context of Illegality, Counterinsurgency, and the Postconflict. In Current Anthropology. No. 60, 2019, S134-S147.
Santoyo, M. J. Colombia amazónica. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1987.
Redacción Ambiente. La Amazonia colombiana fue la cuarta con más deforestación durante 2021. In El Espectador. 1 June 2022. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/ambiente/la-amazonia-colombiana-fue-la-cuarta-con-mas-deforestacion-durante-2021/ [Accessed 12 July 2022].
Redacción Colombia 2020. “¿Nos van a matar a todos por defender el río Atrato?”: líder social del Chocó. In El Espectador. 26 February 2019. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/colombia2020/pais/nos-van-matar-todos-pordefender-el-rio-atratolider-social-del-choco-articulo-857687 [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Regjeringen. Colombia Steps Up the Battle against Amazon Deforestation. In Government. no, 2017. Available from: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/colombia-stanserveiutbygging-og-oker-innsats-mot-ulovlig-hogst-i-amazonas/id2571038/ [Accessed 8 August 2019].
Restrepo Botero, D. I. & Peña Galeano, C. A. Territories in Dispute: Tensions between ‘Extractivism’, Ethnic Rights, Local Governments and the Environment in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In International Development Policy. No. 9, 2017, 269-290.
Restrepo, J. S. Civil Society Faces Deadly Threats in Colombiaʼs Chocó Region. Advocacy for Human Rights in the Americas. In WOLA. 8 August 2019. Available from: https://ww.wola.org/analysis/civil-society-faces-deadly-threats-colombia-choco/ [Accessed 3 February 2020].
Richardson, W. & Mcneish, J. A. Granting Rights to Rivers in Colombia: Significance for Extractivism and Governance. In Our Extractive Age. London: Routledge, 2021.
Rodríguez, G. A. Justicia ambiental en Colombia. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Ibáñez, 2018.
Roelvink, G. Rethinking Species-Being in the Anthropocene. Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics. In Culture & Society. No. 25, 2012, 52-69.
Rojas-Robles, R. Ambiente y Post-acuerdo en Colombia: la construcción de una paz integral y con la naturaleza no-humana. In Gestión y Ambiente. No. 21, 2018, 183-192.
Schlosberg, D. Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements and Political Theories. En Environmental Politics. 13, 3, 2004, 517-540.
Tsing, A. More-than-Human Sociality: A Call for Critical Description. In Anthropology and Nature. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Senecah, S. L. The Trinity of Voice: the Role of Practical Theory in Planning and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Participatory Processes. In Communication and Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004, 13-33.
Setzer, J. & Byrnes, R. Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2019 Snapshot (Policy Report). 2019. Available from: http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GRI_Globaltrends-in-climate-change-litigation-2019-snapshot-2.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2020].
Sistema de Información Ambiental Territorial de la Amazonía Colombiana (siatac). Región: Amazonia colombiana. Available from: http://siatac.co/web/guest/regionn.d [Accessed 12 April 2020]
Stone, C. Should Trees Have Standing: Law, Morality, and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Storaas, M. V. Ecocide, a Crime against Peace? A Conceptual Analysis of World Peace from a Case of Applied Ethics on Ecosystem Harm. Masterʼs thesis, University of Oslo, 2019.
Tanasescu, M. Environment, Political Representation and the Challenge of Rights: Speaking for Nature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Telesur/mrs-ljs. Colombia: Millions Demand Investigation of Environmental Crimes. Telesurtv.net. 12 September 2018. Available from: https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Colombia-Millions-Demand-Investigation-ofEnvironmental-Crimes-20180912-0033.html [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Tierra Digna. Risas, sueños y lamentos del río. Bogotá: Tierra Digna, 2019.
Tribunal Superior de Bogotá, Sala Civil de Decisión Especializada en Restitución de Tierras. Radicación 110012203-000-2018-00319-00, 2020.
Tribunal Superior de Bogotá, Sala Civil de Decisión Especializada en Restitución de Tierras. Radicación 110012203-000-2018-00319-00, 2021.
Gudynas, E. Derechos de la naturaleza: ética biocéntrica y políticas ambientales. Buenos Aires: Tinta Limón Ediciones, 2015.
Graser, M.; Bonatti, M.; Eufemia, L.; Morales, H.; Lana, M.; Löhr, K. & Sieber, S. Peacebuilding in Rural Colombia: A Collective Perception of the Integrated Rural Reform in the Department of Caquetá (Amazon). In Land. No. 9, 2020.
Gordon, G. Environmental Personhood. In Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. No. 43, 2018, 49-91. Available from: http://www.columbiaenvironmentallaw.org/environmental-personhood/?cnreloaded=1 [Accessed 30 May 2019].
Acosta Alvarado, P. A. & Rivas-Ramírez, D. A Milestone in Environmental & Future Generationsʼ Rights Protection: Recent Legal Developments before the Colombian Supreme Court. In Journal of Environmental Law. No. 30, November 2018, 519-526.
Español
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Whitney Richardson, Camila Bustos - 2022
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Abadía, B. D.; Urrea, D.; Calle, D. C.; Harman, J. F.; Quijano, J. M.; Tamayo, J. H. A., & Maldonado, T. R. Extractivismo, conflictos y resistencias. Bogotá: Censat Agua Viva – Amigos de la Tierra Colombia, 2014.
Abadía Mosquera, W. A. Estrategias de “desarrollo” y el conflicto armado en el Bajo Atrato: experiencias locales sobre la defensa de la vida y el territorio en el Consejo Comunitario de la cuenca del río Cacarica, Riosucio-Chocó. In Revista Colombiana de Antropología. No. 56, July 2020.
Actualidad. Lo bueno, lo malo y lo feo en las audiencias de la sentencia de la Amazonía. In Semana Sostenible. 28 October 2019. Available from: https://www.semana.com/sostenible/actualidad/articulo/lo-bueno-lo-malo-y-lo-feo-en-las-audiencias-de-lasentencia-de-la-amazonia/201900/ [Accessed June 2021].
Revista Derecho del Estado
Álvarez, M. D. Forests in the Time of Violence: Conservation Implications of the Colombian War. In Journal of Sustainable Forestry. No. 16, 2003, 47-68.
Barcan, R. The Campaign for Legal Personhood for the Great Barrier Reef: Finding Political and Pedagogical Value in the Spectacular Failure of Care. In Nature and Space. 2019, 1-23.
Bautista, A. J. Artemisa: Operación anticampesina vestida de verde. In Dejusticia. 5 April 2022. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/column/artemisa-operacionanticampesina-vestida-de-verde/ [Accessed 17 July 2022].
Baxter, B. A Theory of Ecological Justice. London: Routledge, 2005.
Bocarejo, D. & Ojeda, D. Violence and Conservation: Beyond Unintended Consequences and Unfortunate Coincidences. In Geoforum. No. 69, 2016, 176-183.
Botero-García, R.; López, F.; Ospino, H.; Ponce de León-Chaux, E., & Riveros, C. Áreas protegidas amazónicas y sus funcionarios como víctimas del conflicto armado. Bogotá: Fundación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo Sostenible, 2019.
Bugge, H. C. Twelve Fundamental Challenges in Environmental Law: An Introduction to the Concept of Rule of Law for Nature. In Rule of Law for Nature: New Dimensions and Ideas in Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 3-26.
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8368
Departamento de Derecho Constitucional
Bustos, C. & Richardson, W. Environmental Law in Colombia. In Earth Law: A Practitioner’s Guide. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020.
litigio estratégico,
Los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza se están desarrollando como un medio legal alternativo para permitir la justicia para la naturaleza y, a menudo, también para los humanos. Este estudio examina los dos enfoques fundamentales de los derechos de la naturaleza ordenados por los tribunales de Colombia que reconocen los ecosistemas, la cuenca del río Atrato (2016) y la Amazonía colombiana (2018), como un sujeto legal con derechos de protección, mantenimiento, conservación y restauración. Desarrollados como remedios para las violaciones de los derechos humanos, ambos casos ofrecen oportunidades para explorar variaciones en los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza y la relación entre los esfuerzos para hacer posible la justicia para los humanos y la naturaleza. Nos basamos en el compromiso académico existente con los casos al contribuir con un estudio de archivo detallado sobre su implementación, complementado con algunas entrevistas con actores clave, así como al evaluar la implementación de los fallos utilizando marcos de justicia ambiental y ecológica para determinar hasta qué punto. han permitido la justicia para los humanos y la naturaleza hasta la fecha. Argumentamos que los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza de la cuenca del río Atrato y la Amazonía colombiana actualmente no alcanzan sus objetivos de permitir la justicia tanto para los humanos como para la naturaleza. Hasta el momento, la interpretación y la implementación de las sentencias aún no han hecho posible la justicia y, en algunos casos, han perpetuado las injusticias. de las sentencias aún no han hecho posible la justicia y, en algunos casos, han perpetuado las injusticias.
Richardson, Whitney
Bustos, Camila
Derechos de la naturaleza,
cambio climático,
justicia ecológica,
justicia ambiental,
Amazonía colombiana,
text/xml
río de Atrato,
Colombia
54
Núm. 54 , Año 2023 : Enero-Abril
Artículo de revista
application/pdf
text/html
Burdon, P. D. A Theory of Earth Jurisprudence. In Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy. No. 37, 2012, 28-60.
Abate, R. Climate Change and the Voiceless: Protecting Future Generations, Wildlife, and Natural Resources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Cairo, H.; Oslender; U., Suárez, C. E. P.; Ríos, J.; Koopman, S.; Arango, V. M., & Quintero, L. Z. “Territorial Peace”: The Emergence of a Concept in Colombiaʼs Peace Negotiations. In Geopolitics. No. 23, 2018, 464-488.
Ebbesson, J. & Okowa, P. (eds.). Environmental Law & Justice in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Proyecciones de población por Departamento Colombia. 2017. Available from: https://www.datos.gov.co/Estadsticas-Nacionales/Proyecciones-de-poblaci-n-por-Departamento-Colombi/5b7v-4tvp [Accessed 19 July 2019].
Díaz Pabón, F. A. (ed.). Truth, Justice & Reconciliation in Colombia. London: Routledge, 2018.
Díaz Parra, K. Extractivismo a la brava en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del gobierno de Duque. In Semana Sostenible. 6 May 2019. Available from: https://sostenibilidad.semana.com/impacto/articulo/extractivismo-a-la-brava-en-elplan-nacional-de-desarrollodel-gobierno-de-duque/44087 [Accessed 1 April 2020].
Castro-Nunez, A.; Mertz, O.; Buritica, A.; Sosa, C. C., & Lee, S. T. Land Related Grievances Shape Tropical Forest-Cover in Areas Affected by Armed Conflict. In Applied Geography. No. 85, 2017, 39-50.
Dixon, L. “In Many Ways, the Conflict Never Ended.” Ongoing Violence Threatens Colombiaʼs Peace. In World Politics Review. 29 April 2020. Available from: https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/28720/in-colombia-violence-in-ruralareasthreatens-the-farc-peace-deal [Accessed 8 April 2020].
Dorling, D. Opinion: Social Inequality and Environmental Justice. In Environmental Scientist. 2010, 9-13. Available from: http://www.dannydorling.org/wp-content/files/dannydorling_publication_id1828.pdf [Accessed 8 October 2019].
Drouet, J. $3 Million Grant Funds Study of Colombian River Contamination, Effects on Locals. In Florida International University News. 13 February 2019. Available from: https://news.fiu.edu/2019/3-million-grant-funds-study-of-colombian-rivercontaminationeffects-on-locals [Accessed 14 October 2019].
Earth Law Center. 2016 Update: Fighting for Our Shared Future: Protecting Both Human Rights & Nature’s Rights, 2016. Available at: https://www.earthlawcenter.org/co-violations-of-rights/?utm_content=ldf%20tweet%20co-violations%20report [Accessed 10 May 2020]
Emmenegger, S. & Tschentscher, A. “Taking Nature’s Rights Seriously: The Long Way to Biocentrism in Environmental Law”. In Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, No. vi, 1994, 545-742.
Dejusticia. La jornada de activismo creativo Days of Hope llega este 21 de septiembre a Caquetá. In Dejusticia, 2019. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/la-jornadadeactivismo-creativo-days-of-hope-llega-este-21-de-septiembre-a-caqueta/ [Accessed 22 December 2019].
Falk, R. The Second Cycle of Ecological Urgency: An Environmental Justice Perspective. In Environmental Law & Justice in context. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
fospa. Protection of the Amazon Is Incompatible with the Oil Mining and Extractive Model. In Foro Social Panamazónico. 20 November 2018. Available from: http://www.forosocialpanamazonico.com/en/the-protection-of-the-Amazon-isincompatible-withthe-oil-mining-and-extractive-model/ [Accessed 26 March 2020].
Friedman, J. “The Only Protection Is God”: Negotiating Faith and Violence in Chocó. In The Pulitzer Center. 4 December 2018. Available from: https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/only-protection-god-negotiating-faith-andviolence-choco [Accessed 20 February 2020].
García-Villegas, M. Disobeying the Law: Latin Americaʼs Culture of Noncompliance with Rules. In Routledge Handbook of Law and Society in Latin America. New York: Routledge, 2019.
Gellers, J. C. & Jeffords, C. Toward Environmental Democracy? Procedural Environmental Rights and Environmental Justice. In Global Environmental Politics. 18, 2018.
Gigova, R. “Staggering Number” of Human Rights Defenders Killed in Colombia, the UN Says. In cnn. 15 January 2020. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/14/americas/staggering-number-of-humanrights-defenders-killed-in-colombia-the-unsays/index.html [Accessed 20 February 2020].
Global Alliance for Rights of Nature. What Is Rights of Nature? Available from: https://therightsofnature.org/what-is-rights-of-nature/ [Accessed 2 May 2019].
Global Witness. Enemies of the State? How Governments and Business Silence Land and Environmental Defenders. Report, 2019. Available from: file:///Users/whitneypaigerichardson/Downloads/Enemies_of_the_State%20(1).pdf [Accessed 30 April 2020].
Dejusticia. Estrategia del Estado para frenar la deforestación no debe centrarse en medidas represivas contra campesinos. In Dejusticia. 1 November 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.dejusticia.org/estrategia-delestado-para-frenar-la-deforestacion-nodebe-centrarse-en-medidas-represivascontra-campesinos/ [Accessed 17 January 2020].
Publication
Dejusticia. Campaña Artemisa en Serranía de La Macarena no puede atropellar los derechos del campesinado. In Dejusticia. 2020. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/campana-artemisa-en-serrania-de-la-macarena-no-puede-atropellar-los-derechos-decampesinos/#:~:text=Iv%C3%A1n%20Camilo%20Agudelo-,Campa%C3%B1a%20Artemisa%20en%20Serran%C3%ADa%20de%20La%20Macarena%20no%20puede%20atropellar,en%20operaciones%20relacionadas%20con%20deforestaci%C3%B3n [Accessed 26 March 2020].
Corte Constitucional, Sala Quinta de Revisión. T-063/19. 15 February 2019. Available from: https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2019/t-063-19.htm [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Catorce6. La jep reconoce al medio ambiente como víctima del conflicto armado. En Catorce6. 6 June 2019. Available from: https://www.catorce6.com/actualidadambiental/17151-la-jep-reconoce-al-medio-ambiente-como-victima-del-conflictoarmado?fbclid=Iwar1rylgsuqdxrqreg9ssrqi1D3stXdGGgcyigcx7Hngz5lHxtXve F6lwmme [Accessed 14 October 2019].
CEPAL, Patrimonio Natural, Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Parques Nacionales Naturales, & Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Amazonia Posible y Sostenible (Report). 2013. Available from: https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/folleto_amazonia_posible_y_sos tenible.pdf [Accessed 27 February 2020].
Chape, S.; Spalding, M.; Taylor, M.; Putney, A.; Ishwaran, N.; Thorseil, J., & McManus, E. History, Definitions, Values and Global Perspective. In The World’s Protected Areas: Status, Values and Prospects in the 21st Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008, 1-35.
Comité Cívico por los Derechos Humanos del Meta–ccdhm. Declaración Pública Comité Cívico por los Derechos Humanos del Meta. 23 February 2020. Available from: https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Comunicado%20ccdhm%20sobre%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Macarena.pdf [Accessed 18 March 2020].
Comité de Seguimiento. Cuarto Informe de Seguimiento Sentencia T-622 de 2016. June 2019.
Comité de Seguimiento. Tercer Informe de Seguimiento Sentencia T-622 de 2016. 2018.
Congreso de Colombia. Ley 1448 de 2011. Available from: https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/ley-1448-de-2011/13653 [Accessed 22 September 2019].
Contempt of Court. Contempt of Court. In The Free Legal Dictionary. Available from: https://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Contempt [Accessed 6 April 2020].
Corte Constitucional, Sala Sexta de Revisión. T-606/15. 21 September 2015. Available from: https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2015/t-606-15.htm [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Comité de Seguimiento. Segundo Informe de Seguimiento Sentencia T-622 de 2016. June 2018.
Cortés, P. M. The Victims and Land Restitution Law in Colombia in Context: An Analysis of the Contradictions between the Agrarian Model and Compensation for the Victims. Berlin: fdcl, 2013.
Crook, M. & Short, D. Marx, Lemkin and the Genocide-Ecocide Nexus. In The International Journal of Human Rights. No. 18, 2014, 298-219.
Corte Constitucional, Sala Sexta de Revisión. T-622/16. 10 November 2016. Available from: http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2016/t-622-16.htm [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Corte Suprema de Justicia. stc4360-2018. 4 April 2018. Available from: http://www.cortesuprema.gov.co/corte/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/stc4360- 2018-2018-00319-011.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Nature’s rights,
environmental justice,
strategic litigation,
Atrato River,
Colombia
Colombian Amazon,
ecological justice,
Nature’s rights approaches are being developed as an alternative legal means to enable justice for nature and, oftentimes, humans, too. This study examines Colombia’s two seminal court-ordered nature’s rights approaches which recognize ecosystems—the Atrato River Basin (2016) and the Colombian Amazon (2018)—as a legal subject with rights to protection, maintenance, conservation, and restoration. Developed as remedies for human rights violations, both cases offer opportunities to explore variations in nature’s rights approaches and the relationship between efforts to enable justice for humans and nature. We build on existing scholarly engagement with the cases by contributing a detailed archival study on their implementation complemented by a few interviews with key actors, as well as by evaluating implementation of the rulings using environmental and ecological justice frameworks to determine to what degree they have enabled justice for humans and nature to date. We argue that the Atrato River Basin and Colombian Amazon nature’s rights approaches currently fall short of their aims to enable justice for both humans and nature. Thus far, interpretation and implementation of the rulings have yet to fulfill court orders and, in some cases, have perpetuated injustices.
Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
Journal article
climate change,
10.18601/01229893.n54.08
https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n54.08
0122-9893
227
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8368/13350
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8368/13334
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8368/13333
275
2346-2051
2022-11-28T10:36:26Z
2022-11-28T10:36:26Z
2022-11-28
institution UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEXTERNADODECOLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Revista Derecho del Estado
title Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
spellingShingle Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
Richardson, Whitney
Bustos, Camila
litigio estratégico,
Derechos de la naturaleza,
cambio climático,
justicia ecológica,
justicia ambiental,
Amazonía colombiana,
río de Atrato,
Colombia
Nature’s rights,
environmental justice,
strategic litigation,
Atrato River,
Colombia
Colombian Amazon,
ecological justice,
climate change,
title_short Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
title_full Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
title_fullStr Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
title_full_unstemmed Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
title_sort implementing nature’s rights in colombia: the atrato and amazon experiences
title_eng Implementing Nature’s Rights in Colombia: The Atrato and Amazon Experiences
description Los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza se están desarrollando como un medio legal alternativo para permitir la justicia para la naturaleza y, a menudo, también para los humanos. Este estudio examina los dos enfoques fundamentales de los derechos de la naturaleza ordenados por los tribunales de Colombia que reconocen los ecosistemas, la cuenca del río Atrato (2016) y la Amazonía colombiana (2018), como un sujeto legal con derechos de protección, mantenimiento, conservación y restauración. Desarrollados como remedios para las violaciones de los derechos humanos, ambos casos ofrecen oportunidades para explorar variaciones en los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza y la relación entre los esfuerzos para hacer posible la justicia para los humanos y la naturaleza. Nos basamos en el compromiso académico existente con los casos al contribuir con un estudio de archivo detallado sobre su implementación, complementado con algunas entrevistas con actores clave, así como al evaluar la implementación de los fallos utilizando marcos de justicia ambiental y ecológica para determinar hasta qué punto. han permitido la justicia para los humanos y la naturaleza hasta la fecha. Argumentamos que los enfoques de los derechos de la naturaleza de la cuenca del río Atrato y la Amazonía colombiana actualmente no alcanzan sus objetivos de permitir la justicia tanto para los humanos como para la naturaleza. Hasta el momento, la interpretación y la implementación de las sentencias aún no han hecho posible la justicia y, en algunos casos, han perpetuado las injusticias. de las sentencias aún no han hecho posible la justicia y, en algunos casos, han perpetuado las injusticias.
description_eng Nature’s rights approaches are being developed as an alternative legal means to enable justice for nature and, oftentimes, humans, too. This study examines Colombia’s two seminal court-ordered nature’s rights approaches which recognize ecosystems—the Atrato River Basin (2016) and the Colombian Amazon (2018)—as a legal subject with rights to protection, maintenance, conservation, and restoration. Developed as remedies for human rights violations, both cases offer opportunities to explore variations in nature’s rights approaches and the relationship between efforts to enable justice for humans and nature. We build on existing scholarly engagement with the cases by contributing a detailed archival study on their implementation complemented by a few interviews with key actors, as well as by evaluating implementation of the rulings using environmental and ecological justice frameworks to determine to what degree they have enabled justice for humans and nature to date. We argue that the Atrato River Basin and Colombian Amazon nature’s rights approaches currently fall short of their aims to enable justice for both humans and nature. Thus far, interpretation and implementation of the rulings have yet to fulfill court orders and, in some cases, have perpetuated injustices.
author Richardson, Whitney
Bustos, Camila
author_facet Richardson, Whitney
Bustos, Camila
topicspa_str_mv litigio estratégico,
Derechos de la naturaleza,
cambio climático,
justicia ecológica,
justicia ambiental,
Amazonía colombiana,
río de Atrato,
Colombia
topic litigio estratégico,
Derechos de la naturaleza,
cambio climático,
justicia ecológica,
justicia ambiental,
Amazonía colombiana,
río de Atrato,
Colombia
Nature’s rights,
environmental justice,
strategic litigation,
Atrato River,
Colombia
Colombian Amazon,
ecological justice,
climate change,
topic_facet litigio estratégico,
Derechos de la naturaleza,
cambio climático,
justicia ecológica,
justicia ambiental,
Amazonía colombiana,
río de Atrato,
Colombia
Nature’s rights,
environmental justice,
strategic litigation,
Atrato River,
Colombia
Colombian Amazon,
ecological justice,
climate change,
citationissue 54
citationedition Núm. 54 , Año 2023 : Enero-Abril
publisher Departamento de Derecho Constitucional
ispartofjournal Revista Derecho del Estado
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8368
language Español
format Article
rights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Whitney Richardson, Camila Bustos - 2022
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
references Morales, L. Peace and Environmental Protection in Colombia: Proposals for Sustainable Rural Development. Report. In Inter-American Dialogue, 2017. Available from: https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Envt-ColombiaEng_WebRes_Final-for-web.pdf [Accessed 2 February 2020].
Martin, H. M. “Defoliating the World”: Ecocide, Visual Evidence and “Earthly Memory”. In Third Text, No. 32, 2018, 230-253.
McNeish, J. A. Extracting Justice? Colombiaʼs Commitment to Mining and Energy as a Foundation for Peace. In The International Journal of Human Rights. No. 21, 2016, 500-516.
Medio Ambiente. Guardianes del Yuruparí presentan tutela contra el uso de mercurio en la Amazonía. In El Espectador. 19 November 2019. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medio-ambiente/guardianes-del-yuruparipresentan-tutelacontra-el-uso-de-mercurio-en-la-amazonia-articulo891642?fbclid=IwAR2r978Mz724e1SgS15PP0dkBrddVMoJV8lS7Iur9NF6Nmgayiz-OSlS2Q [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Medio Ambiente. Las preguntas incómodas por el “Operativo Picachos”. In El Espectador. 3 November 2018. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medioambiente/las-preguntas-incomodas-por-el-operativo-picachos-articulo-821798 [Accessed 16 March 2020].
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Continúan disminuyendo las alertas de deforestación en la Amazonia colombiana. 2019. Available from: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/noticias/4502-continuandisminuyendo-las-alertas-dedeforestacion-en-la-amazonia-colombiana [Accessed 29 January 2020].
Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. En este gobierno, la falta de agua, la pérdida de la biodiversidad y la contaminación ambiental se convirtieron en una preocupación de seguridad nacional, gracias a la nueva política de defensa y seguridad para la equidad. 2019. Available from: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/noticias/4279-en-este-gobierno-la-falta-de-agua-la-perdida-de-la-biodiversidady-la-contaminacion-ambiental-se-convirtieron-en-una-preocupacion-de-seguridad-nacional-gracias-a-la-nueva-politica-de-defensa-y-seguridad-para-la-equidad [Accessed 29 January 2020].
Moloney, A. Colombiaʼs Amazon Forest Gets Boost with $366 Million Protection Fund. In Reuters. 11 December 2019. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/uscolombia-forests-climate-trfn/colombiasamazon-forest-gets-boost-with-366-millionprotection-fund-iduskbn1YF2BD [Accessed 7 January 2020].
Morales, C. Deforestación en Amazonía tuvo reducción durante primeros meses de 2019. In La FM. 2019. Available from: https://www.lafm.com.co/medioambiente/deforestacion-en-amazonia-tuvo-reduccion-durante-primeros-meses-de2019 [Accessed 12 January 2020].
Morales, C. Presentan tutela por contaminación con mercurio en Amazonia colombiana. In rcn Radio. 2019. Available from: https://www.rcnradio.com/estilo-de-vida/medioambiente/presentan-tutela-por-contaminacion-con-mercurio-en-amazonia [Accessed 12 January 2020].
Morris, C. The Rights and Duties of Beasts and Trees: A Law Teacher’s Essay for Landscape Architects. In Journal of Legal Education. No. 17, 1964, 185-192.
Macpherson, E. J. Rivers as Subjects and Indigenous Water Rights in Colombia. In Indigenous Water Rights in Law and Regulation: Lessons from Comparative Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 131-160.
Nación. Confrontación entre campesinos y Ejército en parque natural Los Picachos, Meta. In Semana. 22 February 2020. Available from: https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/parque-cordillera-los-picachoscampesinos-se-enfrentan-al-ejercito/653260 [Accessed 13 March 2020].
Ng’weno, B. On Titling Collective Property, Participation and Natural Resource Management: Implementing Indigenous and Afro-Colombian Demands. A Review of Bank Experience in Colombia. September 2000. Available at: https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00530/web/pdf/colombia.pdf [Accessed 15 July 2022].
O’Donnell, E. L. & Talbott-Jones, J. Creating Legal Rights for Rivers: Lessons from Australia, New Zealand & India. In Ecology & Society. No. 23, 2018, 7.
Olarte-Olarte, M. C. From Territorial Peace to Territorial Pacification: Anti-Riot Police Powers and Socio-Environmental Dissent in the Implementation of Colombiaʼs Peace Agreement. In Revista de Estudios Sociales. No. 67, 2019.
Olaya, C. Un doble rasero en la lucha contra la deforestación. In Dejusticia. 7 June 2019. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/column/un-doble-rasero-en-la-lucha-contraladeforestacion/ [Accessed 3 October 2019].
Osofsky, H. M. The Geography of Emerging Global South Climate Change Litigation. In ajil Unbound. No. 114, 2020.
Oxfam International. Defensores de derechos agrarios, territoriales y medioambientales en Colombia: arriesgando la vida por la paz. Report. 2019. Available from: https://272oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620872/bpcolombia-womenenvironmental-defenders-021019-es.pdf [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Pardo, A. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo profundiza el modelo extractivista. In Razón Pública. 4 March 2019. Available from: https://razonpublica.com/el-plannacional-dedesarrollo-profundiza-el-modelo-extractivista/ [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Paz Cardona, A. J. Colombia: incendios, amenazas de muerte y operativos militares desatan nueva crisis en la Amazonía. In Mongabay, 26 February 2020. Retrieved from: https://es.mongabay.com/2020/02/incendios-en-la-amazoniacolombia-amenazas-y-tala/
Marandúa Stereo 100.7 FM. Campesinos convocan manifestación este sábado en Puerto Cachicamo (Guaviare). 16 November 2019. Available from: https://marandua.com.co/campesinos-convocanmanifestacion-este-sabado-en-puerto-cachicamo-guaviare/ [Accessed 8 February 2020].
Luque, S. Crece la deforestación en Colombia: más de 171 mil hectáreas se perdieron en el 2020. In Mongabay. 2021. Available from: https://es.mongabay.com/2021/07/crece-deforestacion-colombia-2020/ [Accessed 17 January 2020].
Presidencia de la República. Declaración del Presidente Iván Duque en la presentación de la Campaña ʻArtemisaʼ contra la deforestación. 28 April 2019. Available from: https://id.presidencia.gov.co/Paginas/prensa/2019/190428-Declaracion-delPresidenteIvan-Duque-en-la-presentacion-de-la-Campana-Artemisa-contra-ladeforestacion.aspx [Accessed 3 March 2020].
IDEAM, MinAmbiente & Prosperidad para Todos. Boletín Forestal 2011. Report. 2011. Available from: http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/022790/ideamboletinfores tal2011.pdf [31 January 2020].
Hawaii Invasive Species Council. Mongoose. Available from: https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/invasive-species-profiles/mongoose/ [Accessed 12 April 2020].
Hermann, L. J. The High Price of Peace in Colombia: Deforestation in the Amazon. In Lifegate. 2019. Available from: https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/deforestationin-the-amazon-colombia [Accessed 2 February 2020].
Hernández, T. R. La deforestación va a un ritmo exagerado con o sin pandemia. In El Tiempo. 27 April 2020. Available from: https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/medioambiente/la-deforestacion-va-a-un-ritmo-exagerado-con-o-sin-pandemia488750?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR1xbhCGoTVnB4mttygP-FYoIkMaPIqrwPp_Ah3T6cRnuQwT0HjvHMh24#Echobox=1587924041 [Accessed 3 May 2020].
Hill, D. “Defending Our Existence”: Colombian Tribe Stands in the Way of Oil Exploration. In The Guardian. 2 April 2019. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/andes-to-the-amazon/2019/apr/02/colombiasiona-tribe-oil-exploration-territoryputumayo [Accessed 3 April 2020].
Houston, D. Crisis Is Where We Live: Environmental Justice for the Anthropocene. In Globalizations. No. 10, 2013, 439-450.
Human Rights. Colombia: ʻTerrible Trendʼ of Rights Defenders Killed, Harassed; UN Calls for ʻSignificant Effortʼ to Tackle Impunity. In UN News. 10 May 2019. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/05/1038281 [Accessed 9 April 2020].
IDEAM. Detección Temprana de Deforestación. 2021. Available from: http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/023903/26Boletin.pdf [Accessed 17 July 2021].
IDEAM. Detección Temprana de Deforestación. 2019. Available from: http://smbyc.ideam.gov.co/Monitoreobcweb/pub/alertasDeforestacion.jsp?0.5236824555034414 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
IDEAM. Resultados Monitoreo de la Deforestación. In 2018. Available from: http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/24277/91213793/Actualizacion_cifras2018finaldeforestacion.pdf/80b719d7-1bf6-4858-8fd3-b5ce192a2fdc [Accessed 2 March 2020].
Impacto. Crece tensión en Meta y Caquetá por operativo en el parque Tinigua. In Semana Sostenible. 24 February 2020. Available from: https://sostenibilidad.semana.com/impacto/articulo/continua-la-protestacampesina-por-operativo-en-el-parque-tinigua/48763 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
Low, N. & Gleeson, B. Justice, Society & Nature: An Exploration of Political Ecology. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
Impacto. Pueblos indígenas exigirán al Estado protección de su territorio. In Semana Sostenible. 12 September 2019. Available from: https://sostenibilidad.semana.com/impacto/articulo/pueblos-indigenas-exigiran-alestado-proteccion-de-su-territorio/46710 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Global Warming of 1.5 ºC (Special Report), 2018. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf [Accessed 1 January 2020].
Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Global Assessment Report. Bonn: ipbes Secretariat, 2019. Available from: https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment-report-biodiversity-ecosystem-services [Accessed 1 January 2020].
Kopnina, H. The Lorax Complex: Deep Ecology, Ecocentricism and Exclusion. In Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences. No. 9, 2012, 235-254.
Langbein, L., & Sanabria, B. The Shape of Corruption: Colombia as a Case Study. In The Journal of Development Studies. No. 49, 2013, 1500-1513.
La W. El escolta Jairo Rendón fue encontrado muerto a orillas del río Atrato: Pablo González. In W Radio. 13 November 2019. Available from: https://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/actualidad/el-escolta-jairo-rendon-fueencontrado-muerto-a-orillas-delrio-atrato-pablogonzalez/20191113/nota/3978293.aspx [Accessed 22 January 2020].
Legrand, C. C.; Van Isschot, L., & Riaño-Alcalá, P. Land, Justice, and Memory: Challenges for Peace in Colombia. In Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, No. 42, 2017, 259-276.
Lemaitre Ripoll, J. El derecho como conjuro: fetichismo legal, violencia y movimientos sociales. 2009.
Lindgren, T. Ecocide, Genocide and the Disregard of Alternative Life-Systems. In The International Journal of Human Rights. No. 22, 2017, 525-549.
Peña Huertas, R. From Transitional Justice to Post-Agreement Rural Reform: Many Obstacles and a Long Way to Go. In Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Colombia: Transitioning from Violence. London: Routledge, 2018.
Procuraduría General de la Nación. Directiva No. 004: Lineamientos con Relación la Problemática de Deforestación y sus Consecuencias en la Región Amazónica Colombiana. Informe para servidores públicos y particulares que transitoriamente ejerzan funciones públicas. 5 April 2019.
Granada, S., Restrepo, J. A. & Vargas, A. R. El agotamiento de la política de seguridad: evolución. In Guerra y violencias en Colombia: herramientas e interpretaciones. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2009.
Wesselink, A.; Paavola, J.; Fritsch, O., & Renn, O. Rationales for Public Participation in Environmental Policy and Governance: Practitioners’ Perspectives. In Environment and Planning. No. 43, 2011, 2688-2704.
Vélez, J. & Garzón, C. A. La chispa que prende los incendios de La Macarena. In La Silla Vacía. 1 March 2020. Available from: https://lasillavacia.com/chispa-prendelos-incendios-macarena-75683 [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Villavicencio, P. A Paradigm Shift in Courtsʼ View on Nature: The Atrato River and Amazon Basin Cases in Colombia. In Law, Environment and Development Journal. No. 15, 2019, 1-11.
Visión Amazonía. La deforestación en Colombia se redujo 10% en 2018 en comparación con el año 2017, y 17% respeto a la tendencia de crecimiento estimada para 2018. 2019. Available from: https://visionamazonia.minambiente.gov.co/news/la-deforestacion-encolombia-se-redujo-10-en-comparacion-con-el-ano-2017-y-17-respecto-a-la-tendenciade-crecimiento-estimada-para-2018/ [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Voigt, C. (ed.). A Rule of Law for Nature: New Dimensions and Ideas in Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013
Volckhausen, T. Land Grabbing, Cattle Ranching Ravage Colombian Amazon after farc Demobilization. In Mongabay. 30 May 2019. Available from: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/05/land-grabbing-cattle-ranching-ravagecolombian-amazon-after-farcdemobilization/ [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Volckhausen, T. Colombian Land Defenders: “Theyʼre Killing Us One by One”. In Amazon Watch. 9 March 2018. Available from: https://amazonwatch.org/news/2018/0309-colombian-land-defenders-theyrekilling-us-one-by-one [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Walker, G. Globalizing Environmental Justice: The Geography and Politics of Frame Contextualization and Evolution. In Global Social Policy. No. 9, 2009, 355-382.
Washington, H.; Chapron, G.; Kopnina, H.; Curry, P.; Gray, J., & Piccolo, J. J. Foregrounding Ecojustice in Conservation. En Biological Conservation. No. 228, 2018, 367-374.
Weiss, E. B. Rule of Law for Nature in a Kaleidoscopic World. In Rule of Law for Nature: New Dimensions and Ideas in Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 27-45.
Wood, M. C. Nature’s Trust: A Legal, Political, and Moral Frame for Global Warming. In Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. No. 34, 2007, 577-603.
United Nations Environmental Programme (unep). Environmental Rule of Law: First Global Report. 2019. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27279/Environmental_rule_of_law.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Accessed 9 September 2019].
Yang, T. Towards an Egalitarian Global Environmental Ethics. In Environmental Ethics and International Policy. unesco, 2006, 23-45.
Zulver, J. Feasible Justice: Has Colombia Over-Promised and Under-Delivered Reparations for Its 8.6 Million Victims? In Justiceinfo.net. 2018. Available from: https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/reparations/37686-feasible-justice-has-colombia-over-promised-andunder-delivered-reparations-for-its-8-6-million-vic.html [Accessed 12 May 2020].
Velez, I. Law of Victims and Land Restitution: Colombia’s Ambitious Law Faces Implementation Challenges. In fiu Law Review. No. 9, 2014, 451-484.
UN Environment. What Are Environmental Rights? Available from: https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/environmental-rights-and-governance/what-we-do/advancing-environmental-rights/what [Accessed 9 September 2019].
Ramírez, M. C. Militarism on the Colombian Periphery in the Context of Illegality, Counterinsurgency, and the Postconflict. In Current Anthropology. No. 60, 2019, S134-S147.
Santoyo, M. J. Colombia amazónica. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1987.
Redacción Ambiente. La Amazonia colombiana fue la cuarta con más deforestación durante 2021. In El Espectador. 1 June 2022. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/ambiente/la-amazonia-colombiana-fue-la-cuarta-con-mas-deforestacion-durante-2021/ [Accessed 12 July 2022].
Redacción Colombia 2020. “¿Nos van a matar a todos por defender el río Atrato?”: líder social del Chocó. In El Espectador. 26 February 2019. Available from: https://www.elespectador.com/colombia2020/pais/nos-van-matar-todos-pordefender-el-rio-atratolider-social-del-choco-articulo-857687 [Accessed 3 March 2020].
Regjeringen. Colombia Steps Up the Battle against Amazon Deforestation. In Government. no, 2017. Available from: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/colombia-stanserveiutbygging-og-oker-innsats-mot-ulovlig-hogst-i-amazonas/id2571038/ [Accessed 8 August 2019].
Restrepo Botero, D. I. & Peña Galeano, C. A. Territories in Dispute: Tensions between ‘Extractivism’, Ethnic Rights, Local Governments and the Environment in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In International Development Policy. No. 9, 2017, 269-290.
Restrepo, J. S. Civil Society Faces Deadly Threats in Colombiaʼs Chocó Region. Advocacy for Human Rights in the Americas. In WOLA. 8 August 2019. Available from: https://ww.wola.org/analysis/civil-society-faces-deadly-threats-colombia-choco/ [Accessed 3 February 2020].
Richardson, W. & Mcneish, J. A. Granting Rights to Rivers in Colombia: Significance for Extractivism and Governance. In Our Extractive Age. London: Routledge, 2021.
Rodríguez, G. A. Justicia ambiental en Colombia. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Ibáñez, 2018.
Roelvink, G. Rethinking Species-Being in the Anthropocene. Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics. In Culture & Society. No. 25, 2012, 52-69.
Rojas-Robles, R. Ambiente y Post-acuerdo en Colombia: la construcción de una paz integral y con la naturaleza no-humana. In Gestión y Ambiente. No. 21, 2018, 183-192.
Schlosberg, D. Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements and Political Theories. En Environmental Politics. 13, 3, 2004, 517-540.
Tsing, A. More-than-Human Sociality: A Call for Critical Description. In Anthropology and Nature. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Senecah, S. L. The Trinity of Voice: the Role of Practical Theory in Planning and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Participatory Processes. In Communication and Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004, 13-33.
Setzer, J. & Byrnes, R. Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2019 Snapshot (Policy Report). 2019. Available from: http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GRI_Globaltrends-in-climate-change-litigation-2019-snapshot-2.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2020].
Sistema de Información Ambiental Territorial de la Amazonía Colombiana (siatac). Región: Amazonia colombiana. Available from: http://siatac.co/web/guest/regionn.d [Accessed 12 April 2020]
Stone, C. Should Trees Have Standing: Law, Morality, and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Storaas, M. V. Ecocide, a Crime against Peace? A Conceptual Analysis of World Peace from a Case of Applied Ethics on Ecosystem Harm. Masterʼs thesis, University of Oslo, 2019.
Tanasescu, M. Environment, Political Representation and the Challenge of Rights: Speaking for Nature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Telesur/mrs-ljs. Colombia: Millions Demand Investigation of Environmental Crimes. Telesurtv.net. 12 September 2018. Available from: https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Colombia-Millions-Demand-Investigation-ofEnvironmental-Crimes-20180912-0033.html [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Tierra Digna. Risas, sueños y lamentos del río. Bogotá: Tierra Digna, 2019.
Tribunal Superior de Bogotá, Sala Civil de Decisión Especializada en Restitución de Tierras. Radicación 110012203-000-2018-00319-00, 2020.
Tribunal Superior de Bogotá, Sala Civil de Decisión Especializada en Restitución de Tierras. Radicación 110012203-000-2018-00319-00, 2021.
Gudynas, E. Derechos de la naturaleza: ética biocéntrica y políticas ambientales. Buenos Aires: Tinta Limón Ediciones, 2015.
Graser, M.; Bonatti, M.; Eufemia, L.; Morales, H.; Lana, M.; Löhr, K. & Sieber, S. Peacebuilding in Rural Colombia: A Collective Perception of the Integrated Rural Reform in the Department of Caquetá (Amazon). In Land. No. 9, 2020.
Gordon, G. Environmental Personhood. In Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. No. 43, 2018, 49-91. Available from: http://www.columbiaenvironmentallaw.org/environmental-personhood/?cnreloaded=1 [Accessed 30 May 2019].
Acosta Alvarado, P. A. & Rivas-Ramírez, D. A Milestone in Environmental & Future Generationsʼ Rights Protection: Recent Legal Developments before the Colombian Supreme Court. In Journal of Environmental Law. No. 30, November 2018, 519-526.
Abadía, B. D.; Urrea, D.; Calle, D. C.; Harman, J. F.; Quijano, J. M.; Tamayo, J. H. A., & Maldonado, T. R. Extractivismo, conflictos y resistencias. Bogotá: Censat Agua Viva – Amigos de la Tierra Colombia, 2014.
Abadía Mosquera, W. A. Estrategias de “desarrollo” y el conflicto armado en el Bajo Atrato: experiencias locales sobre la defensa de la vida y el territorio en el Consejo Comunitario de la cuenca del río Cacarica, Riosucio-Chocó. In Revista Colombiana de Antropología. No. 56, July 2020.
Actualidad. Lo bueno, lo malo y lo feo en las audiencias de la sentencia de la Amazonía. In Semana Sostenible. 28 October 2019. Available from: https://www.semana.com/sostenible/actualidad/articulo/lo-bueno-lo-malo-y-lo-feo-en-las-audiencias-de-lasentencia-de-la-amazonia/201900/ [Accessed June 2021].
Álvarez, M. D. Forests in the Time of Violence: Conservation Implications of the Colombian War. In Journal of Sustainable Forestry. No. 16, 2003, 47-68.
Barcan, R. The Campaign for Legal Personhood for the Great Barrier Reef: Finding Political and Pedagogical Value in the Spectacular Failure of Care. In Nature and Space. 2019, 1-23.
Bautista, A. J. Artemisa: Operación anticampesina vestida de verde. In Dejusticia. 5 April 2022. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/column/artemisa-operacionanticampesina-vestida-de-verde/ [Accessed 17 July 2022].
Baxter, B. A Theory of Ecological Justice. London: Routledge, 2005.
Bocarejo, D. & Ojeda, D. Violence and Conservation: Beyond Unintended Consequences and Unfortunate Coincidences. In Geoforum. No. 69, 2016, 176-183.
Botero-García, R.; López, F.; Ospino, H.; Ponce de León-Chaux, E., & Riveros, C. Áreas protegidas amazónicas y sus funcionarios como víctimas del conflicto armado. Bogotá: Fundación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo Sostenible, 2019.
Bugge, H. C. Twelve Fundamental Challenges in Environmental Law: An Introduction to the Concept of Rule of Law for Nature. In Rule of Law for Nature: New Dimensions and Ideas in Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 3-26.
Bustos, C. & Richardson, W. Environmental Law in Colombia. In Earth Law: A Practitioner’s Guide. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2020.
Burdon, P. D. A Theory of Earth Jurisprudence. In Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy. No. 37, 2012, 28-60.
Abate, R. Climate Change and the Voiceless: Protecting Future Generations, Wildlife, and Natural Resources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Cairo, H.; Oslender; U., Suárez, C. E. P.; Ríos, J.; Koopman, S.; Arango, V. M., & Quintero, L. Z. “Territorial Peace”: The Emergence of a Concept in Colombiaʼs Peace Negotiations. In Geopolitics. No. 23, 2018, 464-488.
Ebbesson, J. & Okowa, P. (eds.). Environmental Law & Justice in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Proyecciones de población por Departamento Colombia. 2017. Available from: https://www.datos.gov.co/Estadsticas-Nacionales/Proyecciones-de-poblaci-n-por-Departamento-Colombi/5b7v-4tvp [Accessed 19 July 2019].
Díaz Pabón, F. A. (ed.). Truth, Justice & Reconciliation in Colombia. London: Routledge, 2018.
Díaz Parra, K. Extractivismo a la brava en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del gobierno de Duque. In Semana Sostenible. 6 May 2019. Available from: https://sostenibilidad.semana.com/impacto/articulo/extractivismo-a-la-brava-en-elplan-nacional-de-desarrollodel-gobierno-de-duque/44087 [Accessed 1 April 2020].
Castro-Nunez, A.; Mertz, O.; Buritica, A.; Sosa, C. C., & Lee, S. T. Land Related Grievances Shape Tropical Forest-Cover in Areas Affected by Armed Conflict. In Applied Geography. No. 85, 2017, 39-50.
Dixon, L. “In Many Ways, the Conflict Never Ended.” Ongoing Violence Threatens Colombiaʼs Peace. In World Politics Review. 29 April 2020. Available from: https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/28720/in-colombia-violence-in-ruralareasthreatens-the-farc-peace-deal [Accessed 8 April 2020].
Dorling, D. Opinion: Social Inequality and Environmental Justice. In Environmental Scientist. 2010, 9-13. Available from: http://www.dannydorling.org/wp-content/files/dannydorling_publication_id1828.pdf [Accessed 8 October 2019].
Drouet, J. $3 Million Grant Funds Study of Colombian River Contamination, Effects on Locals. In Florida International University News. 13 February 2019. Available from: https://news.fiu.edu/2019/3-million-grant-funds-study-of-colombian-rivercontaminationeffects-on-locals [Accessed 14 October 2019].
Earth Law Center. 2016 Update: Fighting for Our Shared Future: Protecting Both Human Rights & Nature’s Rights, 2016. Available at: https://www.earthlawcenter.org/co-violations-of-rights/?utm_content=ldf%20tweet%20co-violations%20report [Accessed 10 May 2020]
Emmenegger, S. & Tschentscher, A. “Taking Nature’s Rights Seriously: The Long Way to Biocentrism in Environmental Law”. In Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, No. vi, 1994, 545-742.
Dejusticia. La jornada de activismo creativo Days of Hope llega este 21 de septiembre a Caquetá. In Dejusticia, 2019. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/la-jornadadeactivismo-creativo-days-of-hope-llega-este-21-de-septiembre-a-caqueta/ [Accessed 22 December 2019].
Falk, R. The Second Cycle of Ecological Urgency: An Environmental Justice Perspective. In Environmental Law & Justice in context. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
fospa. Protection of the Amazon Is Incompatible with the Oil Mining and Extractive Model. In Foro Social Panamazónico. 20 November 2018. Available from: http://www.forosocialpanamazonico.com/en/the-protection-of-the-Amazon-isincompatible-withthe-oil-mining-and-extractive-model/ [Accessed 26 March 2020].
Friedman, J. “The Only Protection Is God”: Negotiating Faith and Violence in Chocó. In The Pulitzer Center. 4 December 2018. Available from: https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/only-protection-god-negotiating-faith-andviolence-choco [Accessed 20 February 2020].
García-Villegas, M. Disobeying the Law: Latin Americaʼs Culture of Noncompliance with Rules. In Routledge Handbook of Law and Society in Latin America. New York: Routledge, 2019.
Gellers, J. C. & Jeffords, C. Toward Environmental Democracy? Procedural Environmental Rights and Environmental Justice. In Global Environmental Politics. 18, 2018.
Gigova, R. “Staggering Number” of Human Rights Defenders Killed in Colombia, the UN Says. In cnn. 15 January 2020. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/14/americas/staggering-number-of-humanrights-defenders-killed-in-colombia-the-unsays/index.html [Accessed 20 February 2020].
Global Alliance for Rights of Nature. What Is Rights of Nature? Available from: https://therightsofnature.org/what-is-rights-of-nature/ [Accessed 2 May 2019].
Global Witness. Enemies of the State? How Governments and Business Silence Land and Environmental Defenders. Report, 2019. Available from: file:///Users/whitneypaigerichardson/Downloads/Enemies_of_the_State%20(1).pdf [Accessed 30 April 2020].
Dejusticia. Estrategia del Estado para frenar la deforestación no debe centrarse en medidas represivas contra campesinos. In Dejusticia. 1 November 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.dejusticia.org/estrategia-delestado-para-frenar-la-deforestacion-nodebe-centrarse-en-medidas-represivascontra-campesinos/ [Accessed 17 January 2020].
Dejusticia. Campaña Artemisa en Serranía de La Macarena no puede atropellar los derechos del campesinado. In Dejusticia. 2020. Available from: https://www.dejusticia.org/campana-artemisa-en-serrania-de-la-macarena-no-puede-atropellar-los-derechos-decampesinos/#:~:text=Iv%C3%A1n%20Camilo%20Agudelo-,Campa%C3%B1a%20Artemisa%20en%20Serran%C3%ADa%20de%20La%20Macarena%20no%20puede%20atropellar,en%20operaciones%20relacionadas%20con%20deforestaci%C3%B3n [Accessed 26 March 2020].
Corte Constitucional, Sala Quinta de Revisión. T-063/19. 15 February 2019. Available from: https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2019/t-063-19.htm [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Catorce6. La jep reconoce al medio ambiente como víctima del conflicto armado. En Catorce6. 6 June 2019. Available from: https://www.catorce6.com/actualidadambiental/17151-la-jep-reconoce-al-medio-ambiente-como-victima-del-conflictoarmado?fbclid=Iwar1rylgsuqdxrqreg9ssrqi1D3stXdGGgcyigcx7Hngz5lHxtXve F6lwmme [Accessed 14 October 2019].
CEPAL, Patrimonio Natural, Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Parques Nacionales Naturales, & Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Amazonia Posible y Sostenible (Report). 2013. Available from: https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/folleto_amazonia_posible_y_sos tenible.pdf [Accessed 27 February 2020].
Chape, S.; Spalding, M.; Taylor, M.; Putney, A.; Ishwaran, N.; Thorseil, J., & McManus, E. History, Definitions, Values and Global Perspective. In The World’s Protected Areas: Status, Values and Prospects in the 21st Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008, 1-35.
Comité Cívico por los Derechos Humanos del Meta–ccdhm. Declaración Pública Comité Cívico por los Derechos Humanos del Meta. 23 February 2020. Available from: https://www.businesshumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Comunicado%20ccdhm%20sobre%20situaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Macarena.pdf [Accessed 18 March 2020].
Comité de Seguimiento. Cuarto Informe de Seguimiento Sentencia T-622 de 2016. June 2019.
Comité de Seguimiento. Tercer Informe de Seguimiento Sentencia T-622 de 2016. 2018.
Congreso de Colombia. Ley 1448 de 2011. Available from: https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/ley-1448-de-2011/13653 [Accessed 22 September 2019].
Contempt of Court. Contempt of Court. In The Free Legal Dictionary. Available from: https://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Contempt [Accessed 6 April 2020].
Corte Constitucional, Sala Sexta de Revisión. T-606/15. 21 September 2015. Available from: https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2015/t-606-15.htm [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Comité de Seguimiento. Segundo Informe de Seguimiento Sentencia T-622 de 2016. June 2018.
Cortés, P. M. The Victims and Land Restitution Law in Colombia in Context: An Analysis of the Contradictions between the Agrarian Model and Compensation for the Victims. Berlin: fdcl, 2013.
Crook, M. & Short, D. Marx, Lemkin and the Genocide-Ecocide Nexus. In The International Journal of Human Rights. No. 18, 2014, 298-219.
Corte Constitucional, Sala Sexta de Revisión. T-622/16. 10 November 2016. Available from: http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2016/t-622-16.htm [Accessed 12 November 2019].
Corte Suprema de Justicia. stc4360-2018. 4 April 2018. Available from: http://www.cortesuprema.gov.co/corte/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/stc4360- 2018-2018-00319-011.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2019].
type_driver info:eu-repo/semantics/article
type_coar http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
type_version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
type_coarversion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
type_content Text
publishDate 2022-11-28
date_accessioned 2022-11-28T10:36:26Z
date_available 2022-11-28T10:36:26Z
url https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/8368
url_doi https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n54.08
issn 0122-9893
eissn 2346-2051
doi 10.18601/01229893.n54.08
citationstartpage 227
citationendpage 275
url4_str_mv https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8368/13350
url3_str_mv https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8368/13334
url2_str_mv https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/8368/13333
_version_ 1797158290918998016

Código QR

Estadísticas y Métricas Alternativas

Títulos similares