¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?

Beltrán Mora, Marola; Rivas Ávila, Karen; González Sánchez, María; Alvarado Sánchez, María; Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A.

doi:10.18601/01245996.v20n38.12

¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?

Este artículo examina la relación de largo plazo entre emisiones de CO2, PIB y consumo de energía en Panamá durante el periodo 1971-2011 mediante un modelo autorregresivo de retardos distribuidos para comprobar la cointegración de las variables en el largo plazo. Los resultados confirman la presencia de una curva ambiental de Kuznets y que las emisiones de CO2 y el consumo de energía de fuentes primarias no afectan al crecimiento económico y que la degradación ambiental aumenta con el consumo de energía. Por último, hace recomendaciones de política.

Guardado en:

Revista

Revista de Economía Institucional

ISSN

0124-5996

EISSN

2346-2450

Autores

Beltrán Mora, Marola

Rivas Ávila, Karen

González Sánchez, María

Alvarado Sánchez, María

Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A.

Editor

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

DOI

10.18601/01245996.v20n38.12

Volumen

Año de publicación

2018-04-04

Pagina inicial

285

Pagina final

302

Pais

Colombia

Palabras claves

Panamá

crescimento econômico

ARDL

energia

Panamá

crecimiento económico

ARDL

energía

Licencia

http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

id	e1da420d62bd07b2226c37b084861485
record_format	ojs
spelling	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible? Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. McConnell, K. E. (1997). Income and the demand for environmental quality. Environment and Development Economics, 2(4), 383-399. Masih, A. M. y Masih, R. (1997). On temporal causal relationship between energy consumption, real income and prices: Some new evidence from Asian energy dependent NICs based on a multivariate cointegration vector error correction approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 19(4)17-440. Llorca, M. y Meunié, A. (2009). SO2 emissions and the environmental Kuznets curve: The case of Chinese provinces. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 7(1), 1-16. Laurenceson, J. y Chai, C. H. (2003). Financial reform and economic development in China. Londres: Edward Elgar. Kasman, A. y Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103. Jorgenson, D. W. y Wilcoxen, P. J. (1993). Reducing US carbon dioxide emissions: An assessment of different instruments. Journal of Policy Modeling, 15(5), 491-520. Johansen, S. y Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration - with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210. Jalil, A. y Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. Iwata, H., Okada, K. y Samreth, S. (2011). A note on the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2: A pooled mean group approach. Applied Energy, 88(5), 1986-1996. Hamit-H., M. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective. Energy Economics, 34(1), 358-364. Grossman, G. M. y Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. Pao, H. T. y Tsai, C. M. (2011). Modeling and forecasting the CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in Brazil. Energy, 36(5), 2450-2458. Grossman, G. M. y Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER working paper 3914. Granger, C. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438. Fuinhas, J. A. y Marques, A. C. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in Portugal, Italy, Greece, Spain and Turkey: An ARDL bounds test approach, 1965-2009. Energy Economics, 34(2), 511-517. Flores, C. A., Flores-L., A. y Kapetanakis, D. (2014). Lessons from quantile panel estimation of the environmental Kuznets curve. Econometric Reviews, 33(8), 815-853. Farhani, S., Mrizak, S., Chaibi, A. et al. (2014). The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainability: A panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 71, 189-198. Engle, R. y Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and error correction representation: Estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. Du Can, S. de la R., Price, L. y Zwickel, T. (2015). Understanding the full climate change impact of energy consumption and mitigation at the end-use level: A proposed methodology for allocating indirect carbon dioxide emissions. Applied Energy, 159, 548-559. Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455. Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. y Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(1), 147-168. Boutabba, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy. Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. Bölük, G. y Mert, M. (2015). The renewable energy, growth and environmental Kuznets curve in Turkey: An ARDL approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595. Bolük, G. y Mert, M. (2014). Fossil and renewable energy consumption, GHGs and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of European Union (EU) countries. Energy, 74(5), 439-446. ONU (2014). Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, Cuarto Informe de Panamá. Pesaran, M. H. y Shin, Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 371-413. Apergis, N. y Payne, J. E. (2009). CO2 emissions, energy usage, and output in Central America. Energy Policy, 37(8), 3282-3286. Zambrano-M., M. A., Silva-Z., C. A., Davalos-P. et al. (2018). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Peru: The role of renewable electricity, petroleum and dry natural gas. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 4170-4178. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Zambrano-M., M. A. y Fernández, M. A. (2017). An Environmental Kuznets Curve for N2O emissions in Germany: An ARDL approach. Natural Resources Forum, 41, 119-127. Zambrano-M., M. A., Carvajal-Lara, C. y Urgiles-S., R. (2016b). Is there an inverted U-shaped curve? Empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 23(4), 1-18. Zambrano-M., M. A., Valverde-B., I., Aguilar-B., J. et al. (2016a). Relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation: Is there evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve for Brazil? International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(2), pp. 208-216. Zambrano-M., M. A., Troccoly-Q., A. y Pacheco-B., M. J. (2016c). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Iceland: 1960-2010. Revista de Economía del Rosario, 19(1), 5-28. Xepapadeas, A. (2005). Regulation and evolution of compliance in common pool resources. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107(3), 583-599. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. y Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Wang, Q., Zeng, Y. E. y Wu, B. W. (2016). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1563-1579. Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439. Soytas, U., Sari, R. y Ewing, B. T. (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3), 482-489. Soytas, U. y Sari, R. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675. Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. et al. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631. Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. y Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2947-2953. Shafik, N. y Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence, 904. Washington DC: World Bank. Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M. y Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. Say, N. P. y Yücel, M. (2006). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3870-3876. Sadorsky, P. (2014). The effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economies. Energy Economics, 41, 147-153. Saboori, B. y Sulaiman, J. (2013). Environmental degradation, economic growth and energy consumption: Evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 60, 892-905. Phillips, P. C. y Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125. Banco Mundial (2014). Panorama general 2014. Panamá: BM. Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente. (2011). Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Panamá: , ANAM. Ang, J. B. (2008). Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in Malaysia. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(2), 271-278. Q53 C22 C51 Q53 Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778. Panamá crescimento econômico ARDL energia C22 C51 Q56 38 Panamá crecimiento económico ARDL energía Beltrán Mora, Marola Rivas Ávila, Karen González Sánchez, María Alvarado Sánchez, María Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A. Este artículo examina la relación de largo plazo entre emisiones de CO2, PIB y consumo de energía en Panamá durante el periodo 1971-2011 mediante un modelo autorregresivo de retardos distribuidos para comprobar la cointegración de las variables en el largo plazo. Los resultados confirman la presencia de una curva ambiental de Kuznets y que las emisiones de CO2 y el consumo de energía de fuentes primarias no afectan al crecimiento económico y que la degradación ambiental aumenta con el consumo de energía. Por último, hace recomendaciones de política. 20 Q56 Núm. 38 , Año 2018 : Enero-Junio Revista de Economía Institucional Al-Mulali, U. y Ozturk, I. (2016). The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced economies: The role of energy prices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1622-1631. Ahmad, N., Du, L., Lu, J. et al. (2017). Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: Is there any environmental Kuznets curve? Energy, 123(15), 164-172. Acaravci, A. y Ozturk, I. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412-5420. Artículo de revista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Español https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/view/5281 Publication Universidad Externado de Colombia text/html application/xml application/pdf Panamá Is Panama on a sustainable development path? This article examines the long-term relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP and energy consumption in Panama during the period 1971-2011 through an autoregressive model of distributed delays to verify the cointegration of variables in the long term. The results confirm the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve and that CO2 emissions and energy consumption from primary sources do not affect economic growth and that environmental degradation increases with energy consumption. Finally, it makes some policy recommendations. Journal article energy ARDL economic growth Q56 Q53 C51 C22 0124-5996 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/download/5281/6387 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/download/5281/6773 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/download/5281/7003 2018-04-04 285 302 2018-04-04T00:00:00Z 2018-04-04T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v20n38.12 10.18601/01245996.v20n38.12 2346-2450
institution	UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA
thumbnail	https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEXTERNADODECOLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str	Colombia
collection	Revista de Economía Institucional
title	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?
spellingShingle	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible? Beltrán Mora, Marola Rivas Ávila, Karen González Sánchez, María Alvarado Sánchez, María Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A. Panamá crescimento econômico ARDL energia Panamá crecimiento económico ARDL energía Panamá energy ARDL economic growth
title_short	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?
title_full	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?
title_fullStr	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?
title_full_unstemmed	¿Panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?
title_sort	¿panamá en la ruta del desarrollo sostenible?
title_eng	Is Panama on a sustainable development path?
description	Este artículo examina la relación de largo plazo entre emisiones de CO2, PIB y consumo de energía en Panamá durante el periodo 1971-2011 mediante un modelo autorregresivo de retardos distribuidos para comprobar la cointegración de las variables en el largo plazo. Los resultados confirman la presencia de una curva ambiental de Kuznets y que las emisiones de CO2 y el consumo de energía de fuentes primarias no afectan al crecimiento económico y que la degradación ambiental aumenta con el consumo de energía. Por último, hace recomendaciones de política.
description_eng	This article examines the long-term relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP and energy consumption in Panama during the period 1971-2011 through an autoregressive model of distributed delays to verify the cointegration of variables in the long term. The results confirm the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve and that CO2 emissions and energy consumption from primary sources do not affect economic growth and that environmental degradation increases with energy consumption. Finally, it makes some policy recommendations.
author	Beltrán Mora, Marola Rivas Ávila, Karen González Sánchez, María Alvarado Sánchez, María Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A.
author_facet	Beltrán Mora, Marola Rivas Ávila, Karen González Sánchez, María Alvarado Sánchez, María Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A.
topicspa_str_mv	Panamá crescimento econômico ARDL energia Panamá crecimiento económico ARDL energía
topic	Panamá crescimento econômico ARDL energia Panamá crecimiento económico ARDL energía Panamá energy ARDL economic growth
topic_facet	Panamá crescimento econômico ARDL energia Panamá crecimiento económico ARDL energía Panamá energy ARDL economic growth
citationvolume	20
citationissue	38
citationedition	Núm. 38 , Año 2018 : Enero-Junio
publisher	Universidad Externado de Colombia
ispartofjournal	Revista de Economía Institucional
source	https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/view/5281
language	Español
format	Article
rights	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
references	Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. McConnell, K. E. (1997). Income and the demand for environmental quality. Environment and Development Economics, 2(4), 383-399. Masih, A. M. y Masih, R. (1997). On temporal causal relationship between energy consumption, real income and prices: Some new evidence from Asian energy dependent NICs based on a multivariate cointegration vector error correction approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 19(4)17-440. Llorca, M. y Meunié, A. (2009). SO2 emissions and the environmental Kuznets curve: The case of Chinese provinces. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 7(1), 1-16. Laurenceson, J. y Chai, C. H. (2003). Financial reform and economic development in China. Londres: Edward Elgar. Kasman, A. y Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103. Jorgenson, D. W. y Wilcoxen, P. J. (1993). Reducing US carbon dioxide emissions: An assessment of different instruments. Journal of Policy Modeling, 15(5), 491-520. Johansen, S. y Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration - with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210. Jalil, A. y Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. Iwata, H., Okada, K. y Samreth, S. (2011). A note on the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2: A pooled mean group approach. Applied Energy, 88(5), 1986-1996. Hamit-H., M. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective. Energy Economics, 34(1), 358-364. Grossman, G. M. y Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. Pao, H. T. y Tsai, C. M. (2011). Modeling and forecasting the CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in Brazil. Energy, 36(5), 2450-2458. Grossman, G. M. y Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER working paper 3914. Granger, C. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438. Fuinhas, J. A. y Marques, A. C. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in Portugal, Italy, Greece, Spain and Turkey: An ARDL bounds test approach, 1965-2009. Energy Economics, 34(2), 511-517. Flores, C. A., Flores-L., A. y Kapetanakis, D. (2014). Lessons from quantile panel estimation of the environmental Kuznets curve. Econometric Reviews, 33(8), 815-853. Farhani, S., Mrizak, S., Chaibi, A. et al. (2014). The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainability: A panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 71, 189-198. Engle, R. y Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and error correction representation: Estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. Du Can, S. de la R., Price, L. y Zwickel, T. (2015). Understanding the full climate change impact of energy consumption and mitigation at the end-use level: A proposed methodology for allocating indirect carbon dioxide emissions. Applied Energy, 159, 548-559. Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455. Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. y Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(1), 147-168. Boutabba, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy. Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. Bölük, G. y Mert, M. (2015). The renewable energy, growth and environmental Kuznets curve in Turkey: An ARDL approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595. Bolük, G. y Mert, M. (2014). Fossil and renewable energy consumption, GHGs and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of European Union (EU) countries. Energy, 74(5), 439-446. ONU (2014). Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, Cuarto Informe de Panamá. Pesaran, M. H. y Shin, Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 371-413. Apergis, N. y Payne, J. E. (2009). CO2 emissions, energy usage, and output in Central America. Energy Policy, 37(8), 3282-3286. Zambrano-M., M. A., Silva-Z., C. A., Davalos-P. et al. (2018). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Peru: The role of renewable electricity, petroleum and dry natural gas. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 4170-4178. Zambrano-M., M. A. y Fernández, M. A. (2017). An Environmental Kuznets Curve for N2O emissions in Germany: An ARDL approach. Natural Resources Forum, 41, 119-127. Zambrano-M., M. A., Carvajal-Lara, C. y Urgiles-S., R. (2016b). Is there an inverted U-shaped curve? Empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 23(4), 1-18. Zambrano-M., M. A., Valverde-B., I., Aguilar-B., J. et al. (2016a). Relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation: Is there evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve for Brazil? International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(2), pp. 208-216. Zambrano-M., M. A., Troccoly-Q., A. y Pacheco-B., M. J. (2016c). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Iceland: 1960-2010. Revista de Economía del Rosario, 19(1), 5-28. Xepapadeas, A. (2005). Regulation and evolution of compliance in common pool resources. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107(3), 583-599. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. y Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Wang, Q., Zeng, Y. E. y Wu, B. W. (2016). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1563-1579. Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419-1439. Soytas, U., Sari, R. y Ewing, B. T. (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3), 482-489. Soytas, U. y Sari, R. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675. Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. et al. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631. Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. y Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2947-2953. Shafik, N. y Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence, 904. Washington DC: World Bank. Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M. y Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. Say, N. P. y Yücel, M. (2006). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3870-3876. Sadorsky, P. (2014). The effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economies. Energy Economics, 41, 147-153. Saboori, B. y Sulaiman, J. (2013). Environmental degradation, economic growth and energy consumption: Evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 60, 892-905. Phillips, P. C. y Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125. Banco Mundial (2014). Panorama general 2014. Panamá: BM. Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente. (2011). Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, Panamá: , ANAM. Ang, J. B. (2008). Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in Malaysia. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(2), 271-278. Ang, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778. Al-Mulali, U. y Ozturk, I. (2016). The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced economies: The role of energy prices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1622-1631. Ahmad, N., Du, L., Lu, J. et al. (2017). Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: Is there any environmental Kuznets curve? Energy, 123(15), 164-172. Acaravci, A. y Ozturk, I. (2010). On the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Europe. Energy, 35(12), 5412-5420.
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url_doi	https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v20n38.12
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