Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados
Este artículo analiza la relación entre el contexto geográfico como un espacio físico y la narrativa histórica como un espacio imaginado en la conformación de la identidad nacional taiwanesa. Basado en la propuesta teórica del constructivismo, que enfatiza la importancia de la identidad en la conformación de los intereses de los Estados, se propone que las condiciones geográficas e históricas de Taiwán han desarrollado una identidad nacional distinta y diferenciada de la identidad china. Para ello, se asume una visión que sugiere que el contexto geográfico no solo genera condiciones materiales, sino también posibilita una serie de interacciones sociales que convierten al territorio también en un espacio “imaginado”, el cual es el resultado... Ver más
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Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados Laio, N. (2019). Identity, Role Conception, and Status Dilemma: A socio-psychological account of China-U.S. relations. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 5 (3): 343-372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740019500180 Parker, G. (1998). Geopolitics: Past, present and Future. Routledge. Özlük, E. y Murat, C. (2010). Burying sovereignty in its birth place: Back to the middle age. En S. F. Krishna-Hense (Ed.), Order and Disorder in the International System (pp. 171-182). Routledge. Nien-chung, C. (2016). China’s new foreign policy under Xi Jinping. Asian Security, 12 (2): 82-91. DOI:10.1080/14799855.2016.1183195 Neumann, I. B. y Gstöhl, S. (2006). Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver’s world? En C. Ingebritsen, I. Neumann y S. Gstöhl (Eds.). Small States in International Relations (pp. 3-36). University of Washington Press. Min Kuo, C. H. (2004). Taiwan. En Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations (vol. 4, pp. 645-659). Gale. Menzies, G. (2013). 1421: el año en que China descubrió al mundo. Debolsillo. McAllister, I. (2016). Democratic consolidation in Taiwan in comparative perspective. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1 (1): 44-61. Mantorphe, J. (2009). Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan. Palgrave MacMillan. Makeham, J. (2005). Introduction. En J. Makeham y A. Hsiau (Eds.), Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan (pp. 1-14). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980618_1 Lemus-Delgado, D. (2021). International sports events and national identity: The opening ceremony of the Taipei Universiade. Sport in Society, 24 (7): 1093- 1109. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2020.1732929 Lemus, D. y Cerda, C. (2021). China or Taiwan? The tricky dilemma of diplomatic recognition: The salvadorean experience. Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations, 7 (1): 45-78. Lamley, H. (2007). Taiwan under japanese rule, 1895- 1945. The vicissitudes of colonialism. En M. A. Rubinstein (Ed.), Taiwan. A New History (pp.201-260). M. E. Sharpe. Krasner, S. D. (2009). Power, the State, and Sovereignty: Essays on International Relations. Routledge. Pew Research Center (2020). En Taiwan, Views of Mainland China Mostly Negative. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/PG_2020.05.12_Taiwan_final.pdf Kowert, P. (1998). Agent versus structure in the construction of national identity. En V. Kublákova, N. Onuf y P. Kowert (eds.), International Relations in a Constructed World (pp. 101-122). M. E. Sharpe. Kim, S. (2018). Chinese foreign policy in theory and practice. En S. Kim (Ed.), China and The World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium (pp. 3-33). Routledge. Keith, R. C. (2017). Deng Xiaoping and China’s Foreign Policy. Routledge. Kaufman, J. K. (2013). Introduction to International Relations: Theory and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Kang, J., Kim, J. y Wang, Y. (2015). Salvaging national pride: The 2010 taekwondo controversy and Taiwan’s quest for global recognition. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50 (1): 98-114. Jung, H. (2019). The evolution of social constructivism in political science: Past to present. SAGE Open, 2 (1): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019832703 Joint Communique between the United States and China (1972). History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121325 Jackson, R. y Sorensen, G. (2003). Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford University Press. Jackson, R. (2005). Classical and Modern Thought on International Relations: From Anarchy to Cosmopolis. Palgrave McMillan. Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The end of liberal international order? International Affairs, 94 (1): 7-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix241 Hughes, C. R. (2011). Negotiating National Identity in Taiwan: Between nativization and des-sicnization. En R. Ash, J. W. Garver y P. B. Prime (Eds.), Taiwan Democracy: Economic and Politics Challenges (pp. 51-74). Routledge. Hsü, I. C. Y. (2000). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford University Press. Hopf, T. (2002). Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies. Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Cornell University Press. Pelosi, N. (2022, 2 de agosto). Nancy Pelosi: Por esto estoy liderando una delegación del Congreso estadounidense a Taiwán. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/es/post-opinion/2022/08/03/nancy-pelosi-taiwan-visitachina-razones-articulo/ Price, R. M. y Reus-Smit, C. (1998). Dangerous liaisons? Constructivism and critical international theory. European Journal of International Relations, 4, 259-294. Hobson, J. (2000). The State and the International Relations. Cambridge University Press. Wendt, A. (1994). Collective identity formation and the international state. The American Political Science Review, 88 (2): 384-396. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Zhong, Y. (2016). Explaining national identity shift in Taiwan. Journal of Contemporary China, 25 (99): 336- 352. DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2015.1104866 Ying, W. (2014). ¿Qué significa ser taiwanés? Prespectiva Global, 2 (2): 89-96. Wong, T. K. (2001). From ethnic to civic nationalism: The formation and changing nature of Taiwanese identity. Asian Perspective, 25 (3): 175-206. Wills, J. E. (2007). The seventeenth-century transformations: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng regime. En M. A. Rubinstein (Ed.), Taiwan, A New History (pp. 84-106). M. E. Sharpe. Wilkinson, P. (2007). International Relations: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46 (2): 391-425. República de Taiwán (2022). National Statistics: Population and Housing. https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=41871&ctNode=2815&mp=5 Wang, T. Y. (2000). One China, one Taiwan: An analysis of the democratic progressive party’s China policy. Journal of Asian & African Studies, 35 (1): 159-182. Wang, A., Wu, C., Yeh, Y. y Chen, F. (2018, 10 de noviembre). What does the 1992 Consensus mean to citizens in Taiwan? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/what-doesthe-1992-consensus-mean-to-citizens-in-taiwan/ Wei, C. y Lai, C. J. (2017). Identities, rationality and Taiwan’s China policy: The dynamics of cross-strait exchanges. Asian Studies Review, 41 (1): 136-154. DOI: 10.1080/10357823.2016.1263276 Wachman, A. (1994) Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization. M. E. Sharpe. Vasu, N., Chin, Y. y Law, K. (2013). Introduction: Un/ settled narrations. En N. Vasu, Y. Chin y K. Law (Eds.), Nationalism in the Asia Pacific. Nation, national narratives and Communities in Asia Pacific (pp. 12-17). Routledge. The Taiwan Affairs Office and The Information Office of the State Council (2000, 17 de mayo). White Paper—The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm Sutch, P. y Elias, J. (2007). International Relations: The Basics. Routledge. Stevens, P. (2016). Democracy and national destinies on Taiwan. Nations and Nationalism, 22 (4): 666-685. Slomp, G. (2008). On Sovereignty. En T. C. Salmon y M. F. Imber (eds.), Issues in International Relations (pp. 33-46). Routledge. Skoggard, I. (2001). Taiwan. En C. R. Ember y M. Ember (Eds.), Countries and Their Cultures (Vol. 4, pp. 2161-2176). Macmillan Publishers. Saurin, J. (2006). International relations as imperial illusion; or, the need of decolonize IR. En B. G. Jones (Ed.), Decolonizing International Relations (pp. 23-42). Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Rupert, M. (2013). Marxism. En T. Dunne, M. Kurki, y S. Smith (Eds.), International Relations Theories Discipline and Diversity (pp. 153-170). Oxford University Press. Rigger, S (2011). Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Power. Rowman and Littlefield. Reus-Smith, C. (2005). Constructivism. En S. Burchill, A. Linklater y R. Devetak (Eds.), Theories of International Relations (pp. 188-210). Palgrave MacMillan. Restad, H. E. (2020). What makes America great? Donald Trump, national identity, and U.S. foreign policy. Global Affairs, 6 (1): 21-36. DOI:10.1080/23340460.2020.1734955 Hopf, T. (1998). The promise of constructivism in international relations theory. International Security, 23 (1): 171-200. Holtug, N. (2017). Identity, causality and social cohesion. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43 (7): 1084-1100. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1227697 Harvey, J. y Stansfield, G. (2009). Theorizing unrecognized states: Sovereignty, secessionism, and political economy: James Harvey and Gareth Stansfield. En N. Caspersen y N. Stansfield, G. (Eds.), Unrecognized States in the International System (pp. 1-26). Routledge. text/html Addler, E. (2002). Constructivism and international relations. En W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse y B. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of International Relations, pp. 95-118. Sage Publications. Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. Daniel Lemus-Delgado - 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8419 Oasis Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales text/xml application/pdf Benner, E. (2013). The origins of Nationalism. En J. Breuilly (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism (pp. 36-54). Oxford University Press. Artículo de revista Núm. 37 , Año 2023 : Enero-Junio 37 identidad nacional constructivismo; Taiwán; China; Lemus-Delgado, Daniel Este artículo analiza la relación entre el contexto geográfico como un espacio físico y la narrativa histórica como un espacio imaginado en la conformación de la identidad nacional taiwanesa. Basado en la propuesta teórica del constructivismo, que enfatiza la importancia de la identidad en la conformación de los intereses de los Estados, se propone que las condiciones geográficas e históricas de Taiwán han desarrollado una identidad nacional distinta y diferenciada de la identidad china. Para ello, se asume una visión que sugiere que el contexto geográfico no solo genera condiciones materiales, sino también posibilita una serie de interacciones sociales que convierten al territorio también en un espacio “imaginado”, el cual es el resultado de narrativas históricas. Así, los elementos que conforman la identidad taiwanesa inciden en la política exterior de este Estado, particularmente en el caso de la búsqueda el reconocimiento internacional. Como conclusión, se destaca la manera en que el caso de Taiwán evidencia la forma como la identidad influye en la política exterior. Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflection of Origen and Spread of Nationalism. Verso. Español Berenskoetter, F. (2010). Identity in International Relations. En R. A. Denemark y R. Marlin-Bennett (Eds.), The International Studies Encyclopedia, vol. 6. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.218 Chu, Y. y Lin, C. (2003). Consolidating Taiwan’s new democracy amid competing national identities. En L. Fernández-Stembridge y T. Fisac (Eds.), China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion and Collective Identities (pp. 240-267). Routledge Curzon. Griffiths, M., O’Callaghan, T. y Roach, S. (2008). International Relations: The Key Concepts. Routledge. Gold, T. (2008). Taiwan’s Quest for Identity in the Shadow of China. En D. Fell (ed.), The Politics of Modern Taiwan (pp.83-103). Routledge. George Wei, C. X. (2012). U.S.-China relations and its impact on the reconstruction of national identity in Taiwan. En B. Guo y C. Teng (Eds.), Taiwan and the Rise of China (pp. 51-72). Lexington Books. Genest, M. A. (2004). Conflict and Cooperation: Evolving Theories of International Relations. Wadsworth. Eskildse, R. (2005). Taiwan: A periphery in search of a narrative. The Journal of Asian Studies, 64 (2): 281-294. Dittmer, L. (2006). Taiwan as a factor in China’s quest for national identity. Journal of Contemporary China, 15 (49): 671-686. DOI:10.1080/10670560600836721 Deans, P. (2005). Isolation, identity and Taiwanese stamps as vehicles for regime legitimation. East Asia, 22 (2): 8-30. Domestic, regional and global perspectives. En G. Schubert y J. Damm (Eds.), Taiwanese Identity in the 21st Century (pp. 51-71). Routledge. Damm, J. (2011). From ‘overseas chinese’ to ‘overseas taiwanese’: Questions of identity and belonging. Bloom, W. (1990). Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge University Press. Cox, R. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (2): 126-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298810100020501 Connelly, M. (2014). Historia de Taiwán. El Colegio de México. Chu, Y. y Lin, J. (2001). Political development in 20th- Century Taiwan: State-building, regime transformation and the construction of national identity. The China Quarterly, 165: 102129. Publication Chernoff, F. (2007). Theory and Metatheory in International Relations: concepts and contending accounts. Palgrave MacMillan. Brown, C. y Kirsten, A. (2005). Understanding International Relations. Palgrave McMillan. Cheng, J. y Paladini. S. (2014). China’s ocean development strategy and its handling of the territorial conflicts in the South China Sea. Philippine Political Science Journal, 35 (2): 185-202. DOI:10.1080/01154451.2014.965476 Brown, M. J. (2004). Is Taiwan Chinese?: The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities. University of California Press. Chen, Q. (2010). The Taiwan straits situation since ma came to office and conditions for cross-straits political negotiations: A view from Shanghai. Journal of Contemporary China, 20 (68): 153-160. DOI:10.1080/10670564.2011.520853 Chen, J. (2014). Building a new society on the base of locality: transformation of social forces in Taiwan during the 1990s. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 15 (2): 291-305. DOI:10.1080/14649373.2014.924644 Caspersen, N. (2012). Unrecognized States: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Modern International System. Polity Press. This article analyses the relationship between the geographical context as a physical space and the historical narrative as an imagined space in the formation of Taiwanese national identity. Based on the theoretical proposal of constructivism, that emphasises the importance of identity in shaping the interests of the States, the article suggests that the geographical and historical conditions have enabled Taiwan to develop a different national identity from that of the Chinese. For this, the assumption is that the geographical context generates material conditions and social interactions, turning the territory into an “imagined” space. This immaterial space is, above all, the result of historical narratives. Thus, the elements that configure the Taiwanese identity affect the foreign policy of this State, particularly in the search for international recognition. The conclusion highlights how the case of Taiwan evidences the manner in which identity influences foreign policy. China; Journal article Taiwan; The Relationship between Real and Imagined Spaces: Reflections on Taiwan’s Foreign Policy constructivism; national identity https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8419/13597 71 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8419/13596 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8419/13595 91 1657-7558 https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n37.06 2022-12-05T00:00:00Z 10.18601/16577558.n37.06 2022-12-05 2346-2132 2022-12-05T00:00:00Z |
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Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados |
spellingShingle |
Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados Lemus-Delgado, Daniel identidad nacional constructivismo; Taiwán; China; China; Taiwan; constructivism; national identity |
title_short |
Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados |
title_full |
Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados |
title_fullStr |
Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados |
title_full_unstemmed |
Reflexiones sobre la política exterior de Taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados |
title_sort |
reflexiones sobre la política exterior de taiwán: entre espacios reales e imaginados |
title_eng |
The Relationship between Real and Imagined Spaces: Reflections on Taiwan’s Foreign Policy |
description |
Este artículo analiza la relación entre el contexto geográfico como un espacio físico y la narrativa histórica como un espacio imaginado en la conformación de la identidad nacional taiwanesa. Basado en la propuesta teórica del constructivismo, que enfatiza la importancia de la identidad en la conformación de los intereses de los Estados, se propone que las condiciones geográficas e históricas de Taiwán han desarrollado una identidad nacional distinta y diferenciada de la identidad china. Para ello, se asume una visión que sugiere que el contexto geográfico no solo genera condiciones materiales, sino también posibilita una serie de interacciones sociales que convierten al territorio también en un espacio “imaginado”, el cual es el resultado de narrativas históricas. Así, los elementos que conforman la identidad taiwanesa inciden en la política exterior de este Estado, particularmente en el caso de la búsqueda el reconocimiento internacional. Como conclusión, se destaca la manera en que el caso de Taiwán evidencia la forma como la identidad influye en la política exterior.
|
description_eng |
This article analyses the relationship between the geographical context as a physical space and the historical narrative as an imagined space in the formation of Taiwanese national identity. Based on the theoretical proposal of constructivism, that emphasises the importance of identity in shaping the interests of the States, the article suggests that the geographical and historical conditions have enabled Taiwan to develop a different national identity from that of the Chinese. For this, the assumption is that the geographical context generates material conditions and social interactions, turning the territory into an “imagined” space. This immaterial space is, above all, the result of historical narratives. Thus, the elements that configure the Taiwanese identity affect the foreign policy of this State, particularly in the search for international recognition. The conclusion highlights how the case of Taiwan evidences the manner in which identity influences foreign policy.
|
author |
Lemus-Delgado, Daniel |
author_facet |
Lemus-Delgado, Daniel |
topicspa_str_mv |
identidad nacional constructivismo; Taiwán; China; |
topic |
identidad nacional constructivismo; Taiwán; China; China; Taiwan; constructivism; national identity |
topic_facet |
identidad nacional constructivismo; Taiwán; China; China; Taiwan; constructivism; national identity |
citationissue |
37 |
citationedition |
Núm. 37 , Año 2023 : Enero-Junio |
publisher |
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales |
ispartofjournal |
Oasis |
source |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8419 |
language |
Español |
format |
Article |
rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0. Daniel Lemus-Delgado - 2022 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 |
references |
Laio, N. (2019). Identity, Role Conception, and Status Dilemma: A socio-psychological account of China-U.S. relations. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 5 (3): 343-372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740019500180 Parker, G. (1998). Geopolitics: Past, present and Future. Routledge. Özlük, E. y Murat, C. (2010). Burying sovereignty in its birth place: Back to the middle age. En S. F. Krishna-Hense (Ed.), Order and Disorder in the International System (pp. 171-182). Routledge. Nien-chung, C. (2016). China’s new foreign policy under Xi Jinping. Asian Security, 12 (2): 82-91. DOI:10.1080/14799855.2016.1183195 Neumann, I. B. y Gstöhl, S. (2006). Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver’s world? En C. Ingebritsen, I. Neumann y S. Gstöhl (Eds.). Small States in International Relations (pp. 3-36). University of Washington Press. Min Kuo, C. H. (2004). Taiwan. En Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations (vol. 4, pp. 645-659). Gale. Menzies, G. (2013). 1421: el año en que China descubrió al mundo. Debolsillo. McAllister, I. (2016). Democratic consolidation in Taiwan in comparative perspective. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1 (1): 44-61. Mantorphe, J. (2009). Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan. Palgrave MacMillan. Makeham, J. (2005). Introduction. En J. Makeham y A. Hsiau (Eds.), Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan (pp. 1-14). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980618_1 Lemus-Delgado, D. (2021). International sports events and national identity: The opening ceremony of the Taipei Universiade. Sport in Society, 24 (7): 1093- 1109. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2020.1732929 Lemus, D. y Cerda, C. (2021). China or Taiwan? The tricky dilemma of diplomatic recognition: The salvadorean experience. Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations, 7 (1): 45-78. Lamley, H. (2007). Taiwan under japanese rule, 1895- 1945. The vicissitudes of colonialism. En M. A. Rubinstein (Ed.), Taiwan. A New History (pp.201-260). M. E. Sharpe. Krasner, S. D. (2009). Power, the State, and Sovereignty: Essays on International Relations. Routledge. Pew Research Center (2020). En Taiwan, Views of Mainland China Mostly Negative. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/PG_2020.05.12_Taiwan_final.pdf Kowert, P. (1998). Agent versus structure in the construction of national identity. En V. Kublákova, N. Onuf y P. Kowert (eds.), International Relations in a Constructed World (pp. 101-122). M. E. Sharpe. Kim, S. (2018). Chinese foreign policy in theory and practice. En S. Kim (Ed.), China and The World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium (pp. 3-33). Routledge. Keith, R. C. (2017). Deng Xiaoping and China’s Foreign Policy. Routledge. Kaufman, J. K. (2013). Introduction to International Relations: Theory and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Kang, J., Kim, J. y Wang, Y. (2015). Salvaging national pride: The 2010 taekwondo controversy and Taiwan’s quest for global recognition. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50 (1): 98-114. Jung, H. (2019). The evolution of social constructivism in political science: Past to present. SAGE Open, 2 (1): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019832703 Joint Communique between the United States and China (1972). History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121325 Jackson, R. y Sorensen, G. (2003). Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford University Press. Jackson, R. (2005). Classical and Modern Thought on International Relations: From Anarchy to Cosmopolis. Palgrave McMillan. Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The end of liberal international order? International Affairs, 94 (1): 7-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix241 Hughes, C. R. (2011). Negotiating National Identity in Taiwan: Between nativization and des-sicnization. En R. Ash, J. W. Garver y P. B. Prime (Eds.), Taiwan Democracy: Economic and Politics Challenges (pp. 51-74). Routledge. Hsü, I. C. Y. (2000). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford University Press. Hopf, T. (2002). Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies. Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Cornell University Press. Pelosi, N. (2022, 2 de agosto). Nancy Pelosi: Por esto estoy liderando una delegación del Congreso estadounidense a Taiwán. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/es/post-opinion/2022/08/03/nancy-pelosi-taiwan-visitachina-razones-articulo/ Price, R. M. y Reus-Smit, C. (1998). Dangerous liaisons? Constructivism and critical international theory. European Journal of International Relations, 4, 259-294. Hobson, J. (2000). The State and the International Relations. Cambridge University Press. Wendt, A. (1994). 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