Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries

Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries

This study examines the evolution of the composition of the boards of the central banks from Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru throughout the 20th century. Although the initial boards of those central banks were similar, they included representatives from different institutions, such as labor unions, bankers, business associations, and governments. Over eighty years, governments implemented several reforms that changed the composition of the boards , increasing the weight of business associations, while rapidly decreasing the participation of labor unions and bankers. In the 1960s and 1970s, government representatives took over the boards until the independence reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite facing political tu... Ver más

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Tiempo y economía

2422-2704

Salas-Díaz , Ricardo José

UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO

10.21789/24222704.2049

10

2023-05-10

1

34

Colombia

Central banks

Institutions

Interest groups

Appointment

Economic History

Latin America

http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

Tiempo y economía - 2023

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spelling Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
Gómez Betancourt, R. (2010). Edwin Walter Kemmerer and the Origins of the FED. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 32(4), 445-470, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1053837210000441. Gómez Betancourt, R. (2022). The Political Economy of a Moder Missionary: E. W. Kemmerer in the Philippines. History of Political Economy; 54 (3), 483-505. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-9779628.
Jácome, L. (2015). Central Banking in Latin America: From the Gold Standard to the Golden Years. IMF Working Paper, 15/60. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484303184.001
Jácome, L. (2004). The Late 1990s Financial Crisis in Ecuador: Institutional Weaknesses, Fiscal Rigidities, and Financial Dollarization at Work . IMF Working Paper No. 04/12, SSRN: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451842937.001
Ibañez Najar, J. E. (1990). Antecedentes legales de la creación del Banco de la República. En A. Meisel Roca, El Banco de la República: antecedentes evolución y estructura (194-237). Bogotá: Banco de la República.
Hampe, T. (1995). El Banco Central de Reserva y la economía peruana (1922–1980). Lima: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. Helleiner, E. (2014). Forgotten Foundations of Bretton Woods International Development and the Making of the Postwar Order. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Haldane, A., & Qvigstad, J. (2016). The Evolution of Central Banks: A practitioner’s Perspective. En M. Bordo, E. Oyvind, M. Flandreau, & M. Qvigstad, Central Banks at a Crossroad: What Can We Learn from History (pág. Chapter 16). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316570401.016
Grabel, I. (2000). The Political Economy of Policy Credibility: the New-clasical macroeconomics and the remaking of emergien economies. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/24.1.1
Goodhart, C. (2016). Lessons Learnt from the Sub-Prime Crisis. En M. Bordo, O. Eitrheim, M. Flandreau, & J. Qvigstad, Central banks at a crossroads (págs. 610-626). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316570401.015
Goodhart, C. (2010). The changing role of central banks. BIS Working Papers No. 326. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1717776
Flores Zendejas, J. (2021). Money Doctors and Latin American Central Banks at the Onset of the Great Depression. Journal of Latin American Studies, 53(3), 429-463. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X21000444
Junguito, R. (2022). Los Extranjeros y la Política Fiscal de Colombia: Influencia de los gobiernos, organismos multilaterales, comités de acreedores, bancos internacionales, misiones internacionales, y expertos extranjeros. En publicación.
Epstein, G. (2019). Central Banks as Agents of Economic Development. En G. Epstein, The Poliical Economy of Central Bankin (95-113). Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788978415.00025
Drake, P. (2013). Kemmerer y la creación de los bancos centrales en los países andinos. En J. Uribe, Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia (págs. 18-31, DOI: 20.500.12134/9614). Banco de la República.
Drake, P. (1989). The Money Doctor in the Andes. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw52m
Dow, S. (2014). The Relationship Between Central Banks and Governments: What are Central Banks for? En C. Goodhart, D. Gabor, J. Vestergaard, & I. Erturk, Central Banking at a Crossroads ( 229-243). Anthem Press.
Cueva, S., & Díaz, J. (2022). The History of Ecuador. En J. P. Timothy J. Kehoe, A Monetary and Fiscal History of Latin America, 1960–2017. U of Minnesota Press.
Conti-Brown, P. (2018). The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400888412
Carrasco, C. (2009). Carrasco, Banco Central de Chile 1925-1964: una historia institucional. Banco Central de Chile.
Capie, F. (2016). Central Banking. En Y. Cassis, C. Shenk, & R. Grossman, The Oxford Handbook of Banking and Financial History. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199658626.013.17
Jones, E., & Matthijs, M. (2019). Rethinking Central-Bank Independence. Journal of Democaracy, 30, 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0030
Kindleberger, C., & Aliber, R. (2015). Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises. Springer.
Borio, C. (2014). Central Banking Post-Crisis: What Compass for Uncharted Waters? En C. Goodhart, D. Gabor, J. Vestergaard, & I. Erturk, Central Banking at a Crossroads (191-217). Anthem Press.
Uribe, J. D. (2012). La cooperación entre bancos centrales: una perspectiva lationamericana. Conferencia conmemorativa del 60 aniversario del CEMLA. La cooperación entre bancos centrales a principios del siglo XXI.
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Wendschlag, M. (2018). Central Bankers in twelve countries between 1950 and 2000: The Making of a Global Elite. En Y. Cassis, & G. Telesca, Financial elites and European banking: Historical perspectives. (182-208). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782797.003.0009
Ugolini, S. (2017). The Evolution of Central Banking Theory and History. London: Palgrave Studies in Economic History. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48525-0
Luna Andrade, S. (2017). El problema de autonomía del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1927-1966 (Bachelor’s thesis,). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.
Ugolini, S. (2011). What do we really know about the long-term evolution of central banking? Evidence from the past, insights for the present. Norges Bank Working paper 2011-15. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1963931
Seidel, R. (1972). American Reformers Abroad: The Kemmerer Missions in South America, 1923-1931. The Journal of Economic History, 32(2), 520-545. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700067231
Sastoque Ramírez, E. C. (2018). El papel de los banqueros en la construcción del Estado y la soberanía monetaria en Colombia (1980-1931). Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ddctr0
Sandilands, R. (2015). La Misión del Banco Mundial a Colombia de 1949, y las visiones opuestas de Lanclin Currie y Albert Hirschman. Revista de Economía Institucional, 17(32), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v17n32.07
Pérez-Caldentey, E., & Vernengo, M. (2020). The historical evolution of monetary policy in Latin America. En S. Battilossi, Y. Cassis, & K. Yago, Handbook of the History of Money and Currency (953-980). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0596-2_44
Monsalve, M., & Winkelried, D. (2022). Los inicios de la banca central en el Perú. En M. Vega, & L. F. Zegarra, HISTORIA DEL BANCO CENTRAL Y LA POLÍTICA MONETARIA DE PERÚ 2022 (45-84 ). Banco Central de Reserva del Perú.
Martinelli, C., & Vega, M. (2022). Reformas Económicas y Génesis de la Inflación. En M. Vega, & L. F. Zegarra, HISTORIA DEL BANCO CENTRAL Y LA POLÍTICA MONETARIA DE PERÚ 2022 (199-). Lima: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú.
Marcussen, M. (2005). Central Banks on the move. Journal of European Public Policy, 12(5), 903-923. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500161597
Brimmer, A. (1971). Central Banking and Economic Development: The Record of Innovation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 3(4), 780-792. https://doi.org/10.2307/1991416
Bordo, M., & Siklos, P. (2017). Central banks: Evolution and innovation in historical perspective. NBER Working Paper 23847. https://doi.org/10.3386/w23847
Publication
Central banks
Institutions
Interest groups
Appointment
Economic History
10
2
Núm. 2 , Año 2023 : Dossier. La marca de la misión Kemmerer en la historia económica de Colombia
Artículo de revista
Blanchard, O., & Summers, L. (2017). Rethinking Stabilization Policy Ecolution or Revolution. NBER Working Paper 24179 . https://doi.org/10.3386/w24179
application/pdf
Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Tiempo y economía
Latin America
https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/TyE/article/view/kemmerer-lives-evolution-composition-central-bank-boards
This study examines the evolution of the composition of the boards of the central banks from Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru throughout the 20th century. Although the initial boards of those central banks were similar, they included representatives from different institutions, such as labor unions, bankers, business associations, and governments. Over eighty years, governments implemented several reforms that changed the composition of the boards , increasing the weight of business associations, while rapidly decreasing the participation of labor unions and bankers. In the 1960s and 1970s, government representatives took over the boards until the independence reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite facing political turmoil and undergoing several restructurings, these five “Kemmerer” central banks evolved in parallel up to the new century.
Bignon, V., Flandreau, M., & Ugolini, S. (2012). Bagehot for Beginners: The Making of Lender of Last Resort Operations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. The Economic History Review, 65(2), 580-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00606.x
Banco Central del Ecuador. (2002). Cronología1927 - 2002. Memoria Anual 2002. Banco Central del Ecuador.
Avella Gómez, M. (2014). La independencia de la banca central en Colombia desde 1923. Aspectos institucionales. Revista de Economía Institucional, 16(30), 171-214.
Álvarez, A., Guiot-Isaac, A., & Hurtado, J. (2020). The Quarrel of Policy Advisers That Became Development Experts: Currie and Hirschman in Colombia. History of Political Economy; 52 (2), 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8173.
Almeida, R. (1994). Kemmerer en el Ecuador. Quito: FLACSO.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tiempo y economía - 2023
Español
Salas-Díaz , Ricardo José
Nombramiento
Bancos centrales
Este estudio examina la evolución de la composición de las juntas directivas de los bancos centrales de Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú a lo largo del siglo XX. Aunque las juntas directivas iniciales de esos bancos centrales eran similares, incluían representantes de diferentes instituciones, como sindicatos, banqueros, asociaciones empresariales y de los gobiernos. A lo largo de ochenta años, los gobiernos implementaron varias reformas que cambiaron la composición de las juntas directivas, aumentando el peso de las asociaciones empresariales, al tiempo que disminuyeron rápidamente la participación de los sindicatos y los banqueros. En las décadas de 1960 y 1970, los representantes de los gobiernos asumieron el control de las juntas directivas hasta las reformas independentistas de finales de la década de 1980 y principios de la década de 1990. A pesar de enfrentar turbulencias políticas y sufrir varias reestructuraciones, estos cinco bancos centrales “Kemmerer” evolucionaron en paralelo hasta el nuevo siglo.
Grupos de interés
Instituciones
América Latina
¡Kemmerer vive! La evolución de la composición de las juntas directivas de los bancos centrales de cinco países latinoamericanos
Historia económica
Journal article
https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/TyE/article/download/kemmerer-lives-evolution-composition-central-bank-boards/2069
2023-05-10T00:00:00Z
2023-05-10
2422-2704
10.21789/24222704.2049
https://doi.org/10.21789/24222704.2049
1
34
2023-05-10T00:00:00Z
institution UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADJORGETADEOLOZANO/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Tiempo y economía
title Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
spellingShingle Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
Salas-Díaz , Ricardo José
Central banks
Institutions
Interest groups
Appointment
Economic History
Latin America
Nombramiento
Bancos centrales
Grupos de interés
Instituciones
América Latina
Historia económica
title_short Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
title_full Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
title_fullStr Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
title_full_unstemmed Kemmerer Lives! The Evolution of the Composition of the Central Bank Boards of Five Latin American Countries
title_sort kemmerer lives! the evolution of the composition of the central bank boards of five latin american countries
title_eng ¡Kemmerer vive! La evolución de la composición de las juntas directivas de los bancos centrales de cinco países latinoamericanos
description This study examines the evolution of the composition of the boards of the central banks from Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru throughout the 20th century. Although the initial boards of those central banks were similar, they included representatives from different institutions, such as labor unions, bankers, business associations, and governments. Over eighty years, governments implemented several reforms that changed the composition of the boards , increasing the weight of business associations, while rapidly decreasing the participation of labor unions and bankers. In the 1960s and 1970s, government representatives took over the boards until the independence reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite facing political turmoil and undergoing several restructurings, these five “Kemmerer” central banks evolved in parallel up to the new century.
description_eng Este estudio examina la evolución de la composición de las juntas directivas de los bancos centrales de Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú a lo largo del siglo XX. Aunque las juntas directivas iniciales de esos bancos centrales eran similares, incluían representantes de diferentes instituciones, como sindicatos, banqueros, asociaciones empresariales y de los gobiernos. A lo largo de ochenta años, los gobiernos implementaron varias reformas que cambiaron la composición de las juntas directivas, aumentando el peso de las asociaciones empresariales, al tiempo que disminuyeron rápidamente la participación de los sindicatos y los banqueros. En las décadas de 1960 y 1970, los representantes de los gobiernos asumieron el control de las juntas directivas hasta las reformas independentistas de finales de la década de 1980 y principios de la década de 1990. A pesar de enfrentar turbulencias políticas y sufrir varias reestructuraciones, estos cinco bancos centrales “Kemmerer” evolucionaron en paralelo hasta el nuevo siglo.
author Salas-Díaz , Ricardo José
author_facet Salas-Díaz , Ricardo José
topicspa_str_mv Central banks
Institutions
Interest groups
Appointment
Economic History
Latin America
topic Central banks
Institutions
Interest groups
Appointment
Economic History
Latin America
Nombramiento
Bancos centrales
Grupos de interés
Instituciones
América Latina
Historia económica
topic_facet Central banks
Institutions
Interest groups
Appointment
Economic History
Latin America
Nombramiento
Bancos centrales
Grupos de interés
Instituciones
América Latina
Historia económica
citationvolume 10
citationissue 2
citationedition Núm. 2 , Año 2023 : Dossier. La marca de la misión Kemmerer en la historia económica de Colombia
publisher Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
ispartofjournal Tiempo y economía
source https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/TyE/article/view/kemmerer-lives-evolution-composition-central-bank-boards
language Español
format Article
rights http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tiempo y economía - 2023
references Gómez Betancourt, R. (2010). Edwin Walter Kemmerer and the Origins of the FED. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 32(4), 445-470, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1053837210000441. Gómez Betancourt, R. (2022). The Political Economy of a Moder Missionary: E. W. Kemmerer in the Philippines. History of Political Economy; 54 (3), 483-505. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-9779628.
Jácome, L. (2015). Central Banking in Latin America: From the Gold Standard to the Golden Years. IMF Working Paper, 15/60. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484303184.001
Jácome, L. (2004). The Late 1990s Financial Crisis in Ecuador: Institutional Weaknesses, Fiscal Rigidities, and Financial Dollarization at Work . IMF Working Paper No. 04/12, SSRN: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451842937.001
Ibañez Najar, J. E. (1990). Antecedentes legales de la creación del Banco de la República. En A. Meisel Roca, El Banco de la República: antecedentes evolución y estructura (194-237). Bogotá: Banco de la República.
Hampe, T. (1995). El Banco Central de Reserva y la economía peruana (1922–1980). Lima: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. Helleiner, E. (2014). Forgotten Foundations of Bretton Woods International Development and the Making of the Postwar Order. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Haldane, A., & Qvigstad, J. (2016). The Evolution of Central Banks: A practitioner’s Perspective. En M. Bordo, E. Oyvind, M. Flandreau, & M. Qvigstad, Central Banks at a Crossroad: What Can We Learn from History (pág. Chapter 16). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316570401.016
Grabel, I. (2000). The Political Economy of Policy Credibility: the New-clasical macroeconomics and the remaking of emergien economies. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/24.1.1
Goodhart, C. (2016). Lessons Learnt from the Sub-Prime Crisis. En M. Bordo, O. Eitrheim, M. Flandreau, & J. Qvigstad, Central banks at a crossroads (págs. 610-626). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316570401.015
Goodhart, C. (2010). The changing role of central banks. BIS Working Papers No. 326. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1717776
Flores Zendejas, J. (2021). Money Doctors and Latin American Central Banks at the Onset of the Great Depression. Journal of Latin American Studies, 53(3), 429-463. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X21000444
Junguito, R. (2022). Los Extranjeros y la Política Fiscal de Colombia: Influencia de los gobiernos, organismos multilaterales, comités de acreedores, bancos internacionales, misiones internacionales, y expertos extranjeros. En publicación.
Epstein, G. (2019). Central Banks as Agents of Economic Development. En G. Epstein, The Poliical Economy of Central Bankin (95-113). Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788978415.00025
Drake, P. (2013). Kemmerer y la creación de los bancos centrales en los países andinos. En J. Uribe, Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia (págs. 18-31, DOI: 20.500.12134/9614). Banco de la República.
Drake, P. (1989). The Money Doctor in the Andes. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw52m
Dow, S. (2014). The Relationship Between Central Banks and Governments: What are Central Banks for? En C. Goodhart, D. Gabor, J. Vestergaard, & I. Erturk, Central Banking at a Crossroads ( 229-243). Anthem Press.
Cueva, S., & Díaz, J. (2022). The History of Ecuador. En J. P. Timothy J. Kehoe, A Monetary and Fiscal History of Latin America, 1960–2017. U of Minnesota Press.
Conti-Brown, P. (2018). The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400888412
Carrasco, C. (2009). Carrasco, Banco Central de Chile 1925-1964: una historia institucional. Banco Central de Chile.
Capie, F. (2016). Central Banking. En Y. Cassis, C. Shenk, & R. Grossman, The Oxford Handbook of Banking and Financial History. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199658626.013.17
Jones, E., & Matthijs, M. (2019). Rethinking Central-Bank Independence. Journal of Democaracy, 30, 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0030
Kindleberger, C., & Aliber, R. (2015). Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises. Springer.
Borio, C. (2014). Central Banking Post-Crisis: What Compass for Uncharted Waters? En C. Goodhart, D. Gabor, J. Vestergaard, & I. Erturk, Central Banking at a Crossroads (191-217). Anthem Press.
Uribe, J. D. (2012). La cooperación entre bancos centrales: una perspectiva lationamericana. Conferencia conmemorativa del 60 aniversario del CEMLA. La cooperación entre bancos centrales a principios del siglo XXI.
Wendschlag, M. (2018). Central Bankers in twelve countries between 1950 and 2000: The Making of a Global Elite. En Y. Cassis, & G. Telesca, Financial elites and European banking: Historical perspectives. (182-208). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782797.003.0009
Ugolini, S. (2017). The Evolution of Central Banking Theory and History. London: Palgrave Studies in Economic History. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48525-0
Luna Andrade, S. (2017). El problema de autonomía del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1927-1966 (Bachelor’s thesis,). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.
Ugolini, S. (2011). What do we really know about the long-term evolution of central banking? Evidence from the past, insights for the present. Norges Bank Working paper 2011-15. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1963931
Seidel, R. (1972). American Reformers Abroad: The Kemmerer Missions in South America, 1923-1931. The Journal of Economic History, 32(2), 520-545. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700067231
Sastoque Ramírez, E. C. (2018). El papel de los banqueros en la construcción del Estado y la soberanía monetaria en Colombia (1980-1931). Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ddctr0
Sandilands, R. (2015). La Misión del Banco Mundial a Colombia de 1949, y las visiones opuestas de Lanclin Currie y Albert Hirschman. Revista de Economía Institucional, 17(32), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v17n32.07
Pérez-Caldentey, E., & Vernengo, M. (2020). The historical evolution of monetary policy in Latin America. En S. Battilossi, Y. Cassis, & K. Yago, Handbook of the History of Money and Currency (953-980). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0596-2_44
Monsalve, M., & Winkelried, D. (2022). Los inicios de la banca central en el Perú. En M. Vega, & L. F. Zegarra, HISTORIA DEL BANCO CENTRAL Y LA POLÍTICA MONETARIA DE PERÚ 2022 (45-84 ). Banco Central de Reserva del Perú.
Martinelli, C., & Vega, M. (2022). Reformas Económicas y Génesis de la Inflación. En M. Vega, & L. F. Zegarra, HISTORIA DEL BANCO CENTRAL Y LA POLÍTICA MONETARIA DE PERÚ 2022 (199-). Lima: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú.
Marcussen, M. (2005). Central Banks on the move. Journal of European Public Policy, 12(5), 903-923. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500161597
Brimmer, A. (1971). Central Banking and Economic Development: The Record of Innovation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 3(4), 780-792. https://doi.org/10.2307/1991416
Bordo, M., & Siklos, P. (2017). Central banks: Evolution and innovation in historical perspective. NBER Working Paper 23847. https://doi.org/10.3386/w23847
Blanchard, O., & Summers, L. (2017). Rethinking Stabilization Policy Ecolution or Revolution. NBER Working Paper 24179 . https://doi.org/10.3386/w24179
Bignon, V., Flandreau, M., & Ugolini, S. (2012). Bagehot for Beginners: The Making of Lender of Last Resort Operations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. The Economic History Review, 65(2), 580-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00606.x
Banco Central del Ecuador. (2002). Cronología1927 - 2002. Memoria Anual 2002. Banco Central del Ecuador.
Avella Gómez, M. (2014). La independencia de la banca central en Colombia desde 1923. Aspectos institucionales. Revista de Economía Institucional, 16(30), 171-214.
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