Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín
El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar desde el punto de vista clínico y electroencefalográfico los hallazgos eléctricos y los tipos de crisis en pacientes con autismo idiopático. Se incluyeron pacientes de cualquier edad, con diagnóstico de TEA idiopático y pertenecientes a la base de datos de la investigación “Genética del Autismo”. A todos los pacientes se les realizó electroencefalograma de rutina (EEG) con protocolo de epilepsia. Se recolectaron 20 pacientes en edad pediátrica con edad media de 10.5 años, DE de 5.84 años. Para la edad de diagnóstico del TEA, la media era de 53 meses. Se documentaron crisis epilépticas en 45% de los pacientes. De todos los pacientes con crisis, 66.6% tenían tratamiento con medicamentos antiep... Ver más
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Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar desde el punto de vista clínico y electroencefalográfico los hallazgos eléctricos y los tipos de crisis en pacientes con autismo idiopático. Se incluyeron pacientes de cualquier edad, con diagnóstico de TEA idiopático y pertenecientes a la base de datos de la investigación “Genética del Autismo”. A todos los pacientes se les realizó electroencefalograma de rutina (EEG) con protocolo de epilepsia. Se recolectaron 20 pacientes en edad pediátrica con edad media de 10.5 años, DE de 5.84 años. Para la edad de diagnóstico del TEA, la media era de 53 meses. Se documentaron crisis epilépticas en 45% de los pacientes. De todos los pacientes con crisis, 66.6% tenían tratamiento con medicamentos antiepilépticos, y solo 33.3% habían logrado control de las crisis con el tratamiento. El EEG interictal fue anormal en 8 pacientes (40%), de los cuales 6 tenían crisis epilépticas. La actividad anormal fue multifocal en 62.5% de los pacientes, focal en 25% y generalizada en 12.5% de los casos. La localización más frecuente de las anomalías fue en el lóbulo temporal. Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín Artículo de revista crisis epiléptica electroencefalograma epilepsia Autismo Matson, J. L., Beighley, J., & Turygin, N. (2012). Autism diagnosis and screening: Factors to consider in differential diagnosis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6 (1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.08.003. Olsson, I., Steffenburg, S., & Gillberg, C. (1988). Epilepsy in autism and autisticlike conditions. A population- based study. Archives of neurology, 45 (6), 666–668. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1988.00520300086024. Nicotera, A. G., Hagerman, R. J., Catania, M. V., Buono, S., Di Nuovo, S., Liprino, E. M., Stracuzzi, E., Giusto, S., Di Vita, G., & Musumeci, S. A. (2019). EEG Abnormalities as a Neurophysiological Biomarker of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Cohort Study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 49 (6), 2337–2347. Mottron, L., Belleville, S., Rouleau, G. A., & Collignon, O. (2014). Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: the Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 47, 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.012. Lai, M. C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Sex/gender differences and autism: Setting the scene for future research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54 (1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.003. Lukmanji, S., Manji, S. A., Kadhim, S., Sauro, K. M., Wirrell, E. C., Kwon, C. S., & Jetté, N. (2019). The co-occurrence of epilepsy and autism: A systematic review. Epilepsy & behavior: E&B, 98, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07. Parmeggiani, A., Barcia, J., Posar, A., Raimondi, M., E.and Santucci, & C., S. M. (2010). Epilepsy and EEG paroxysmal abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 32 (9), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2010.07.003. Jokiranta, E., Sourander, A., Suominen, A., Timonen- Soivio, L., Brown, A. S., & Sillanpää, M. (2014). Epilepsy among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44 (10), 2547–2557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2126-. Johnson, C. P., Myers, S. M., & American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children with Disabilities. (2007). Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 120 (5), 1183–1215. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-. Hutt, S. J., Hutt, C., Lee, D., & Ounsted, C. (1965). A behavioural and electroencephalographic study of autistic children. Journal of psychiatric research, 3 (3), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(65)90028-. Hrdlicka, M., Komarek, V., Propper, L., Kulisek, R., Zumrova, A., Faladova, L., Havlovicova, M., Sedlacek, Z., Blatny, M., & Urbanek, T. (2004). Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autism. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 13 (4), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-0353-. Gabis, L., Pomeroy, J., & Andriola, M. R. (2005). Autism and epilepsy: Cause, consequence, comorbidity, or coincidence? Epilepsy & behavior: E&B, 7 (4), 652–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.08. Fombonne, E. (2005). Developing modern child psychiatry. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 4 (3), 156–157. Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Ashwal, S., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H. J., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., Gravel, J. S., Johnson, C. P., Kallen, R. J., Levy, S. E., Minshew, N. J., Ozonoff, S., Prizant, B. M., Rapin, I., Rogers, S. J., Stone, W. L., Teplin, S. W., Tuchman, R. F., & Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommitteeof the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 55 (4), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.4.468. Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Carver, L., Constantino, J. N., Dobkins, K., Hutman, T., Iverson, J. M., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., Sigman, M., & Stone, W. L. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics, 128 (3), e488–e495. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2825. Sansa, G., Carlson, C., Doyle, W., Weiner, H. L., Bluvstein, J., Barr, W., & Devinsky, O. (2011). Medically refractory epilepsy in autism. Epilepsia, 52 (6), 1071–1075. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03069.x. Portnova, G. V., Mcglone, F. P., Tankina, O. A., Skorokhodov, I. V., Shpitsberg, I. L., & Varlamov, A. A. (2019). EEG Correlates of Tactile Perception Abnormalities in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Modern technologies in medicine, 11 (1 (eng)), 169–174. https://doi: 10.17691/stm2019.11.1.20. info:eu-repo/semantics/article Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Wong, V. (1993). Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of child neurology, 8 (4), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/088307389300800405. Rossi, P. G., Parmeggiani, A., Bach, V., Santucci, M., & Visconti, P. (1995). EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain & development, 17 (3), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0387-7604(95)00019-8. Wirrell, E., Wong-Kisiel, L., Payne, E., & Nickels, K. (2017). Risk factors, prevalence and impact of comorbid autism in pediatric epilepsy: A population-based study. European Journal of pediatric neurology, 21 (1), 185–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.04.772. Tuchman, R. F., & Rapin, I. (1997). Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: Seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates. Pediatrics, 99 (4), 560–566. https://doi.org/ 10.1542/peds.99.4.560. Tuchman, R., Moshé, S. L., & Rapin, I. (2009). Convulsing toward the pathophysiology of autism. Brain & development, 31 (2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2008.09.009. Spence, S. J., & Schneider, M. T. (2009). The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric research, 65 (6), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7168. Shattuck, P. T., Durkin, M., Maenner, M., Newschaffer, C., Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L., Lee, L. C., Rice, C., Giarelli, E., Kirby, R., Baio, J., Pinto-Martin, J., & Cuniff, C. (2009). Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: Findingsfromapopulation-based surveillance study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48 (5), 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819b3848. Christensen, J., Overgaard, M., Partner, E. T., Vertergaard, M., & Schendel, D. (2016). Risk of epilepsy and autism in full and half siblings –A population–based cohort study. Epilepsia, 57 (12), 2011–2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13595. Collins, A. L., Ma, D., Whitehead, P. L., Martin, E. R., Wright, H. H., Abramson, R. K., Hussman, J. P., Haines, J. L., Cuccaro, M. L., Gilbert, J. R., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (2006). Investigation of autism and GABA receptor subunit genes in multiple ethnic groups. Neurogenetics, 7 (3), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10048-006-0045-. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed:American Psychiatric Publishing. Christelle, M., Achkar, E., & Spence, S. J. (2015). Clinical characteristics of children and young adults with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior: E&B, 47, 183–190.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.12.022. Otero, Julissa 1 14 seizure EEG epilepsy Autism Jaramillo, Verónica Canitano, R., Luchetti, A., & Zappella, M. (2005). Epilepsy, Electroencephalographic Abnormalities, and Regression in Children with Autism. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Autism Spectrum Disorder Data & Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html. Lobo, Angélica Solarte, Rodrigo Cornejo, William Vélez, Elizabeth Arteaga, Angélica The objective of the present study was to make a clinical and electroencephalographic characterization of the electrical findings and types of seizures in patients with idiopathic autism. Pediatric patients of any age, with the diagnosis of idiopathic ASD, contained within the database of the research “Genetic in autism” were included. An electroencephalographic recording with epilepsy protocol was performed in all the patients. 20 pediatric patients were included with an age media of 10.5 years, SD 5.48 years. The median age for the diagnosis of ASD was 53 months, and epileptic seizures were documented in 45%. 66.6% of patients with epileptic events had anti-epileptic treatment, and only 33.3% had achieved seizure control with medication. Interictal abnormal EEG records were found in 8 patients (40%), with 6 of them having epileptic seizures. The abnormal EEG activity was multifocal in 62.5%, focal in 25% and generalized in 12.5% of the cases. The most frequently compromised location was the temporal lobe. Journal article Publication Inglés application/pdf Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) International Journal of Psychological Research Baird, G., Robinson, R. O., Boyd, S., & Charman, T. (2006). Sleep electroencephalograms in young children with autism with regression. Dev Med Child neurol, 48, 604–608. https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/5335 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2021-04-30T21:34:25Z 120 115 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/5335/3882 https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5335 2021-04-30 10.21500/20112084.5335 2011-7922 2011-2084 2021-04-30T21:34:25Z |
| institution |
UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN BUENAVENTURA |
| thumbnail |
https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESANBUENAVENTURA_COLOMBIA/logo.png |
| country_str |
Colombia |
| collection |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
| title |
Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín |
| spellingShingle |
Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín Otero, Julissa Jaramillo, Verónica Lobo, Angélica Solarte, Rodrigo Cornejo, William Vélez, Elizabeth Arteaga, Angélica crisis epiléptica electroencefalograma epilepsia Autismo seizure epilepsy Autism |
| title_short |
Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín |
| title_full |
Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín |
| title_fullStr |
Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de Medellín |
| title_sort |
epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista idiopático en la ciudad de medellín |
| description |
El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar desde el punto de vista clínico y electroencefalográfico los hallazgos eléctricos y los tipos de crisis en pacientes con autismo idiopático. Se incluyeron pacientes de cualquier edad, con diagnóstico de TEA idiopático y pertenecientes a la base de datos de la investigación “Genética del Autismo”. A todos los pacientes se les realizó electroencefalograma de rutina (EEG) con protocolo de epilepsia. Se recolectaron 20 pacientes en edad pediátrica con edad media de 10.5 años, DE de 5.84 años. Para la edad de diagnóstico del TEA, la media era de 53 meses. Se documentaron crisis epilépticas en 45% de los pacientes. De todos los pacientes con crisis, 66.6% tenían tratamiento con medicamentos antiepilépticos, y solo 33.3% habían logrado control de las crisis con el tratamiento. El EEG interictal fue anormal en 8 pacientes (40%), de los cuales 6 tenían crisis epilépticas. La actividad anormal fue multifocal en 62.5% de los pacientes, focal en 25% y generalizada en 12.5% de los casos. La localización más frecuente de las anomalías fue en el lóbulo temporal.
|
| description_eng |
The objective of the present study was to make a clinical and electroencephalographic characterization of the electrical findings and types of seizures in patients with idiopathic autism. Pediatric patients of any age, with the diagnosis of idiopathic ASD, contained within the database of the research “Genetic in autism” were included. An electroencephalographic recording with epilepsy protocol was performed in all the patients. 20 pediatric patients were included with an age media of 10.5 years, SD 5.48 years. The median age for the diagnosis of ASD was 53 months, and epileptic seizures were documented in 45%. 66.6% of patients with epileptic events had anti-epileptic treatment, and only 33.3% had achieved seizure control with medication. Interictal abnormal EEG records were found in 8 patients (40%), with 6 of them having epileptic seizures. The abnormal EEG activity was multifocal in 62.5%, focal in 25% and generalized in 12.5% of the cases. The most frequently compromised location was the temporal lobe.
|
| author |
Otero, Julissa Jaramillo, Verónica Lobo, Angélica Solarte, Rodrigo Cornejo, William Vélez, Elizabeth Arteaga, Angélica |
| author_facet |
Otero, Julissa Jaramillo, Verónica Lobo, Angélica Solarte, Rodrigo Cornejo, William Vélez, Elizabeth Arteaga, Angélica |
| topicspa_str_mv |
crisis epiléptica electroencefalograma epilepsia Autismo |
| topic |
crisis epiléptica electroencefalograma epilepsia Autismo seizure epilepsy Autism |
| topic_facet |
crisis epiléptica electroencefalograma epilepsia Autismo seizure epilepsy Autism |
| citationvolume |
14 |
| citationissue |
1 |
| publisher |
Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) |
| ispartofjournal |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
| source |
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/5335 |
| language |
Inglés |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| references_eng |
Matson, J. L., Beighley, J., & Turygin, N. (2012). Autism diagnosis and screening: Factors to consider in differential diagnosis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6 (1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.08.003. Olsson, I., Steffenburg, S., & Gillberg, C. (1988). Epilepsy in autism and autisticlike conditions. A population- based study. Archives of neurology, 45 (6), 666–668. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1988.00520300086024. Nicotera, A. G., Hagerman, R. J., Catania, M. V., Buono, S., Di Nuovo, S., Liprino, E. M., Stracuzzi, E., Giusto, S., Di Vita, G., & Musumeci, S. A. (2019). EEG Abnormalities as a Neurophysiological Biomarker of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Cohort Study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 49 (6), 2337–2347. Mottron, L., Belleville, S., Rouleau, G. A., & Collignon, O. (2014). Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: the Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 47, 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.012. Lai, M. C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Sex/gender differences and autism: Setting the scene for future research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54 (1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.003. Lukmanji, S., Manji, S. A., Kadhim, S., Sauro, K. M., Wirrell, E. C., Kwon, C. S., & Jetté, N. (2019). The co-occurrence of epilepsy and autism: A systematic review. Epilepsy & behavior: E&B, 98, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07. Parmeggiani, A., Barcia, J., Posar, A., Raimondi, M., E.and Santucci, & C., S. M. (2010). Epilepsy and EEG paroxysmal abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 32 (9), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2010.07.003. Jokiranta, E., Sourander, A., Suominen, A., Timonen- Soivio, L., Brown, A. S., & Sillanpää, M. (2014). Epilepsy among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44 (10), 2547–2557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2126-. Johnson, C. P., Myers, S. M., & American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children with Disabilities. (2007). Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 120 (5), 1183–1215. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-. Hutt, S. J., Hutt, C., Lee, D., & Ounsted, C. (1965). A behavioural and electroencephalographic study of autistic children. Journal of psychiatric research, 3 (3), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(65)90028-. Hrdlicka, M., Komarek, V., Propper, L., Kulisek, R., Zumrova, A., Faladova, L., Havlovicova, M., Sedlacek, Z., Blatny, M., & Urbanek, T. (2004). Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autism. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 13 (4), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-0353-. Gabis, L., Pomeroy, J., & Andriola, M. R. (2005). Autism and epilepsy: Cause, consequence, comorbidity, or coincidence? Epilepsy & behavior: E&B, 7 (4), 652–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.08. Fombonne, E. (2005). Developing modern child psychiatry. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 4 (3), 156–157. Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Ashwal, S., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H. J., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., Gravel, J. S., Johnson, C. P., Kallen, R. J., Levy, S. E., Minshew, N. J., Ozonoff, S., Prizant, B. M., Rapin, I., Rogers, S. J., Stone, W. L., Teplin, S. W., Tuchman, R. F., & Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommitteeof the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 55 (4), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.55.4.468. Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Carter, A., Messinger, D., Yirmiya, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Carver, L., Constantino, J. N., Dobkins, K., Hutman, T., Iverson, J. M., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., Sigman, M., & Stone, W. L. (2011). Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics, 128 (3), e488–e495. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2825. Sansa, G., Carlson, C., Doyle, W., Weiner, H. L., Bluvstein, J., Barr, W., & Devinsky, O. (2011). Medically refractory epilepsy in autism. Epilepsia, 52 (6), 1071–1075. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03069.x. Portnova, G. V., Mcglone, F. P., Tankina, O. A., Skorokhodov, I. V., Shpitsberg, I. L., & Varlamov, A. A. (2019). EEG Correlates of Tactile Perception Abnormalities in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Modern technologies in medicine, 11 (1 (eng)), 169–174. https://doi: 10.17691/stm2019.11.1.20. Wong, V. (1993). Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of child neurology, 8 (4), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/088307389300800405. Rossi, P. G., Parmeggiani, A., Bach, V., Santucci, M., & Visconti, P. (1995). EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain & development, 17 (3), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0387-7604(95)00019-8. Wirrell, E., Wong-Kisiel, L., Payne, E., & Nickels, K. (2017). Risk factors, prevalence and impact of comorbid autism in pediatric epilepsy: A population-based study. European Journal of pediatric neurology, 21 (1), 185–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.04.772. Tuchman, R. F., & Rapin, I. (1997). Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: Seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates. Pediatrics, 99 (4), 560–566. https://doi.org/ 10.1542/peds.99.4.560. Tuchman, R., Moshé, S. L., & Rapin, I. (2009). Convulsing toward the pathophysiology of autism. Brain & development, 31 (2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2008.09.009. Spence, S. J., & Schneider, M. T. (2009). The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric research, 65 (6), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7168. Shattuck, P. T., Durkin, M., Maenner, M., Newschaffer, C., Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L., Lee, L. C., Rice, C., Giarelli, E., Kirby, R., Baio, J., Pinto-Martin, J., & Cuniff, C. (2009). Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: Findingsfromapopulation-based surveillance study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48 (5), 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819b3848. Christensen, J., Overgaard, M., Partner, E. T., Vertergaard, M., & Schendel, D. (2016). Risk of epilepsy and autism in full and half siblings –A population–based cohort study. Epilepsia, 57 (12), 2011–2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13595. Collins, A. L., Ma, D., Whitehead, P. L., Martin, E. R., Wright, H. H., Abramson, R. K., Hussman, J. P., Haines, J. L., Cuccaro, M. L., Gilbert, J. 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