Seis signos de cientismo

Seis signos de cientismo

Como se usa actualmente la palabra inglesa "scientism", es una verdad verbal trivial que se debe evitar el cientismo –una actitud inapropiadamente deferente hacia la ciencia. Pero constituye una cuestión sustancial determinar cuando, y por qué, la deferencia hacia las ciencias es inapropiada o exagerada. Este artículo trata de responder a esta cuestión articulando "seis signos de cientismo": el uso honorífico de "ciencia," etc.; el empleo de los símbolos de la ciencia de manera puramente decorativa; la preocupación por la demarcación; la preocupación por el "método científico"; la búsqueda de respuestas en las ciencias para preguntas que están más allá de su alcance; la... Ver más

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ciencia y valores

método científico

demarcación de la ciencia

uso honorífico de “ciencia”

Cientismo

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Discusiones Filosóficas - 2010

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MERTON, Robert. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure (1957). Glencoe, IL: Free Press (edición aumentada).
POPPER, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934). London: Routledge.
PERSAD, Govind; WERTHEIMER, Alan & EMANUEL, Ezekiel J. (Junio 2009). “Principles for Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources”. En: The Lancet. 373, p. 423-431.
PEIRCE, Charles Sanders. (1931-58). Collected Papers. HARTSHORNE, Ch.; WEISS, P. (vol. 7-8) y BURKS, A. (Eds). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. Oxford English Dictionary [en línea]. Disponible en internet: <http://dictionary.oed.com>
OLBY, Robert. (1974). The Path to the Double Helix. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
NORMAN, Jeremy N. (1985). “William Withering and the Purple Foxglove: A Bicentennial Tribute”. En: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 25, p. 479-83.
NANDA, Meera. (1998). “The Epistemic Charity of Social Constructivist Critics of Science and Why the Third World Should Reject the Offer”. En: KEORTGE, Noretta (Ed.). A House Built on Sand: Exposing Post-Modern Myths about Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
MILTON, Katherine. (Marzo de 1992). “Civilization and Its Discontents: Amazonian Indians”. En: Natural History. 101.3, p. 36-42.
MILLER, David (Ed). (1983). A Pocket Popper. London: Fontana. p. 239-246.
MERZ, John T. (1896). History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Vol. I. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons.
MEDAWAR, Peter. (1969). “Science and Literature”. En: Encounter. XXXI . 1, p. 15-23.
________. (1979). Unended Quest. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
MARGLIN, Fredérique Apffel. (1990). “Smallpox in Two Systems of Knowledge”. En: MARGLIN, F. A. & MARGLIN, Stephen (Eds.). Dominating Knowledge: Development, Culture and Resistance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
MADDOX, John. (1998). What Remains to be Discovered: Mapping the Secrets of the Universe, the Origins of Life, and the Future of the Human Race. New York: Simon and Schuster.
LEFKOWITZ, Mary. (1996). Not Out of Africa. New York: Basic Books.
KROCK, Lexi. Accidental Discoveries. [citado 6 octubre 2009]. Disponible en <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cancer/discoveries.html>
KEATES, Nancy. “From Barn Raisings to Home Building: Consumers Hire Amish Builders, Citing Craftsmanship, Costs”. En: Wall Street Journal. Agosto 15 de 2008. p. W1.
JEFFERSON-HEMINGS SCHOLARS’ COMMISSION. (Abril 12, 2001). Report on the Jefferson-Hemings Matter.
HYLAND, William G. Jr. (2009). In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
HUTTEN, E. H. (1956). The Language of Modern Physics. London: Allen and Unwin.
________. “Fossils Shed Light on Human Past”. En: Wall Street Journal. Octubre 2 de 2009. p. A3.
________. “Tracing the Origins of Human Empathy”. En: Wall Street Journal. Septiembre 26 de 2009. p. A1.
HOTZ, Robert Lee. “Magic Flute: Primal Find Sings of Music’s Mystery”. En: Wall Street Journal. Julio 3-5 de 2009. p. A9.
________. (1978). “Natural Selection and Its Scientific Status” a lecture of 1977. En: Dialéctica, 32.
POLANYI, Michael. (1946). Science, Faith and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
HEINONEN, Olli P.; SLONE, Denis & SHAPIRO, Samuel. (1977). Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Sciences Group.
WEINBERG, Steven. (1993). Dreams of a Final Theory. New York: Vintage Books.
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WRAY, Susan; EISNER, D. A. & ALLEN, D. G. (1985). “Two Hundred Years of the Foxglove”. En: Medical History. Supplement 5, p. 132-50.
WISH YOU WERE HERE. (1998). En: Oxford Today. 10.3, p. 40.
WILSON, E. O. (1999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage Books.
WHITE, Gregory L. “GM Takes Advice from Disease Sleuths to Debug Cars”. En: Wall Street Journal. Abril 8 de 1999. p. B1, B4.
________. (1952). The Counter-Revolution of Science. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
PORTUGAL, Franklin H. & COHEN, Jack S. (1977). A Century of DNA: A History of the Discovery of the Structure and Function of the Genetic Substance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Von HAYEK, F. A. (Agosto de 1942). “Scientism and the Study of Society”. En: Económica. p. 267-91.
TSUCHIYA, Aki; DOLAN, Paul & SHAW, Rebecca. (2007). “Measuring People’s Preferences Regarding Ageism in Health: Some Methodological Issues and Some Fresh Evidence”. En: Social Science and Medicine. 57, p. 688-696.
TRUSEDELL, C. (1968). Essays in the History of Mechanics. New York: Springer.
TROPICAL PLANT DATABASE FILE FOR QUININE. [citado 6 octubre 2009] Disponible en internet: <http://www.rain-tree.com/quinine.htm>
STEWART, Matthew. (Junio 20 de 2007). “The Management Myth”. En: Atlantic Monthly. 297.5, p. 80-87.
SNOW, C. P. (1964). “The Two Cultures” (1959). En: The Two Cultures and a Second Look. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SHERMER, Michael. (Septiembre de 2002). “The Shamans of Scientism”. En: Scientific American, 287.3.
SCHILPP, Paul A. (Ed). (1974). The Philosophy of Karl Popper. La Salle, IL: Open Court. p. 3-181.
RICHARDSON, Jeff. (s.f.) “Age Weighting and Discounting: What Are the Ethical Issues?” En: Working Paper 108, Health Economics Unit, Monash University (Australia).
REYNOLDS, James E. F. (Ed). (1993). Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 30a ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
RAVETZ, Jerome. (1971). Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
HOBBS, A. H. (1953). Social Problems and Scientism. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Press.
HEILBRONER, Robert L. (1999). The Worldly Philosophers. 7a ed. New York: Simon and Schuster. Capítulo XI.
HALLER, Christine & BENOWITZ, Neal A. (2000). “Adverse Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System Events Associated with Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedra Alkaloids”. En: New England Journal of Medicine. 343, p. 1833-1838.
16
Español
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/discusionesfilosoficas/article/view/544
Discusiones Filosóficas
Universidad de Caldas
application/pdf
Artículo de revista
Núm. 16 , Año 2010 : Enero - Junio
11
Discusiones Filosóficas - 2010
ciencia y valores
método científico
demarcación de la ciencia
uso honorífico de “ciencia”
Cientismo
Haack, Susan
Como se usa actualmente la palabra inglesa &quot;scientism&quot;, es una verdad verbal trivial que se debe evitar el cientismo –una actitud inapropiadamente deferente hacia la ciencia. Pero constituye una cuestión sustancial determinar cuando, y por qué, la deferencia hacia las ciencias es inapropiada o exagerada. Este artículo trata de responder a esta cuestión articulando &quot;seis signos de cientismo&quot;: el uso honorífico de &quot;ciencia,&quot; etc.; el empleo de los símbolos de la ciencia de manera puramente decorativa; la preocupación por la demarcación; la preocupación por el &quot;método científico&quot;; la búsqueda de respuestas en las ciencias para preguntas que están más allá de su alcance; la negación de la legitimidad o valor de la indagación no-científica (e.g. legal o literaria) o de actividades como escribir poesía o producir arte.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Publication
ABRAHAMSON, David. (1960). The Psychology of Crime. New York: Columbia University Press.
FEYERABEND, Paul K. (1970). Against Method. London: New Left Books.
________. (en prensa). “Federal Philosophy of Science: A Deconstruction – and a Reconstruction”. En: NYU Journal of Law and Liberty.
________. (2009). “The Meaning of Pragmatism: The Ethics of Terminology and the Language of Philosophy”. En: Teorema. XXX, III.3, p. 9-25.
________. (2008). Putting Philosophy to Work. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
________. (2007). “Peer Review and Publication: Lessons for Lawyers”. En: Stetson Law Review. 36, p. 789-819.
________. (2005). “Trial and Error: The Supreme Court’s Philosophy of Science”. En: American Journal of Public Health. 95, p. 66-73.
________. (2004). “Science, Economics, ‘Vision’”. En: Social Research. 7.2, p.167-83.
HAACK, Susan. (2003). Defending Science – Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
GROSS, Paul R.; LEVITT, Norman & LEWIS, Martin. (Eds). (1997). The Flight from Science and Reason (1996). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
GROOM, Dale. (Septiembre de 1956). “Drugs for Cardiac Patients”. En: American Journal of Nursing. 56.9, p. 1125-1127.
FØLLESDAL, Dagfinn. (2002). “Science, Pseudo-Science and Traditional Knowledge”. En: ALLEA (All European Academies). Biennial Handbook. p. 27-37.
FENSTAD, E.-J. et al. (2003). “Preámbulo”. En: Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge. UNESCO World Conference on Science 2003. p. 4. [citado 15 septiembre 2009]. Disponible en internet: <http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/eng/declaration_e.htm>
BRIDGMAN, Percy. (1955). “The Prospect for Intelligence” (1945). En: Reflections of a Physicist. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 526-552.
________. (1955). “On Scientific Method” (1949). En: Reflections of a Physicist. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 81-82.
DO CHARTERS ‘CREAM’ THE BEST? En: Wall Street Journal. Septiembre 24 de 2009. p. A20.
BUDERI, Robert. “Science: Beaming in on the Past”. En: Time. 10, Marzo, 1986. [citado 1 octubre 2009] Disponible en internet: <http://www.time.com/time/printout,0,8816,96050,00.html>
DEWEY, John. (1960). The Quest for Certainty (1929). New York: Capricorn Books.
De WAAL, Frans. (2009). The Age of Empathy. New York: Harmony.
honorific use of “science”
As the English word &quot;scientism&quot; is currently used, it is a trivial verbal truth that scientism-an inappropriately deferential attitude to science-should be avoided. But it is a substantial question when, and why, deference to the sciences is inappropriate or exaggerated. This paper tries to answer that question by articulating &quot;six signs of scientism&quot;: the honorific use of &quot;science,&quot; etc.; using scientific trappings purely decoratively; preoccupation with demarcation; preoccupation with &quot;scientific method&quot;; looking to the sciences for answers beyond their scope; denying the legitimacy or worth of non-scientific (e.g., legal or literary) inquiry, or of writing poetry or making art.
Six signs of scientism
Scientism
demarcation of science
scientific method
science and values
-
Journal article
2009-01-01
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/discusionesfilosoficas/article/download/544/469
0124-6127
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/discusionesfilosoficas/article/view/544
40
2010-01-01T00:00:00Z
2010-01-01T00:00:00Z
13
2462-9596
institution UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDECALDAS/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Discusiones Filosóficas
title Seis signos de cientismo
spellingShingle Seis signos de cientismo
Haack, Susan
ciencia y valores
método científico
demarcación de la ciencia
uso honorífico de “ciencia”
Cientismo
honorific use of “science”
Scientism
demarcation of science
scientific method
science and values
title_short Seis signos de cientismo
title_full Seis signos de cientismo
title_fullStr Seis signos de cientismo
title_full_unstemmed Seis signos de cientismo
title_sort seis signos de cientismo
title_eng Six signs of scientism
description Como se usa actualmente la palabra inglesa &quot;scientism&quot;, es una verdad verbal trivial que se debe evitar el cientismo –una actitud inapropiadamente deferente hacia la ciencia. Pero constituye una cuestión sustancial determinar cuando, y por qué, la deferencia hacia las ciencias es inapropiada o exagerada. Este artículo trata de responder a esta cuestión articulando &quot;seis signos de cientismo&quot;: el uso honorífico de &quot;ciencia,&quot; etc.; el empleo de los símbolos de la ciencia de manera puramente decorativa; la preocupación por la demarcación; la preocupación por el &quot;método científico&quot;; la búsqueda de respuestas en las ciencias para preguntas que están más allá de su alcance; la negación de la legitimidad o valor de la indagación no-científica (e.g. legal o literaria) o de actividades como escribir poesía o producir arte.
description_eng As the English word &quot;scientism&quot; is currently used, it is a trivial verbal truth that scientism-an inappropriately deferential attitude to science-should be avoided. But it is a substantial question when, and why, deference to the sciences is inappropriate or exaggerated. This paper tries to answer that question by articulating &quot;six signs of scientism&quot;: the honorific use of &quot;science,&quot; etc.; using scientific trappings purely decoratively; preoccupation with demarcation; preoccupation with &quot;scientific method&quot;; looking to the sciences for answers beyond their scope; denying the legitimacy or worth of non-scientific (e.g., legal or literary) inquiry, or of writing poetry or making art.
author Haack, Susan
author_facet Haack, Susan
topicspa_str_mv ciencia y valores
método científico
demarcación de la ciencia
uso honorífico de “ciencia”
Cientismo
topic ciencia y valores
método científico
demarcación de la ciencia
uso honorífico de “ciencia”
Cientismo
honorific use of “science”
Scientism
demarcation of science
scientific method
science and values
topic_facet ciencia y valores
método científico
demarcación de la ciencia
uso honorífico de “ciencia”
Cientismo
honorific use of “science”
Scientism
demarcation of science
scientific method
science and values
citationvolume 11
citationissue 16
citationedition Núm. 16 , Año 2010 : Enero - Junio
publisher Universidad de Caldas
ispartofjournal Discusiones Filosóficas
source https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/discusionesfilosoficas/article/view/544
language Español
format Article
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Discusiones Filosóficas - 2010
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
references MERTON, Robert. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure (1957). Glencoe, IL: Free Press (edición aumentada).
POPPER, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934). London: Routledge.
PERSAD, Govind; WERTHEIMER, Alan & EMANUEL, Ezekiel J. (Junio 2009). “Principles for Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources”. En: The Lancet. 373, p. 423-431.
PEIRCE, Charles Sanders. (1931-58). Collected Papers. HARTSHORNE, Ch.; WEISS, P. (vol. 7-8) y BURKS, A. (Eds). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. Oxford English Dictionary [en línea]. Disponible en internet: <http://dictionary.oed.com>
OLBY, Robert. (1974). The Path to the Double Helix. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
NORMAN, Jeremy N. (1985). “William Withering and the Purple Foxglove: A Bicentennial Tribute”. En: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 25, p. 479-83.
NANDA, Meera. (1998). “The Epistemic Charity of Social Constructivist Critics of Science and Why the Third World Should Reject the Offer”. En: KEORTGE, Noretta (Ed.). A House Built on Sand: Exposing Post-Modern Myths about Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
MILTON, Katherine. (Marzo de 1992). “Civilization and Its Discontents: Amazonian Indians”. En: Natural History. 101.3, p. 36-42.
MILLER, David (Ed). (1983). A Pocket Popper. London: Fontana. p. 239-246.
MERZ, John T. (1896). History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Vol. I. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood and Sons.
MEDAWAR, Peter. (1969). “Science and Literature”. En: Encounter. XXXI . 1, p. 15-23.
________. (1979). Unended Quest. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
MARGLIN, Fredérique Apffel. (1990). “Smallpox in Two Systems of Knowledge”. En: MARGLIN, F. A. & MARGLIN, Stephen (Eds.). Dominating Knowledge: Development, Culture and Resistance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
MADDOX, John. (1998). What Remains to be Discovered: Mapping the Secrets of the Universe, the Origins of Life, and the Future of the Human Race. New York: Simon and Schuster.
LEFKOWITZ, Mary. (1996). Not Out of Africa. New York: Basic Books.
KROCK, Lexi. Accidental Discoveries. [citado 6 octubre 2009]. Disponible en <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cancer/discoveries.html>
KEATES, Nancy. “From Barn Raisings to Home Building: Consumers Hire Amish Builders, Citing Craftsmanship, Costs”. En: Wall Street Journal. Agosto 15 de 2008. p. W1.
JEFFERSON-HEMINGS SCHOLARS’ COMMISSION. (Abril 12, 2001). Report on the Jefferson-Hemings Matter.
HYLAND, William G. Jr. (2009). In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
HUTTEN, E. H. (1956). The Language of Modern Physics. London: Allen and Unwin.
________. “Fossils Shed Light on Human Past”. En: Wall Street Journal. Octubre 2 de 2009. p. A3.
________. “Tracing the Origins of Human Empathy”. En: Wall Street Journal. Septiembre 26 de 2009. p. A1.
HOTZ, Robert Lee. “Magic Flute: Primal Find Sings of Music’s Mystery”. En: Wall Street Journal. Julio 3-5 de 2009. p. A9.
________. (1978). “Natural Selection and Its Scientific Status” a lecture of 1977. En: Dialéctica, 32.
POLANYI, Michael. (1946). Science, Faith and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
HEINONEN, Olli P.; SLONE, Denis & SHAPIRO, Samuel. (1977). Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Sciences Group.
WEINBERG, Steven. (1993). Dreams of a Final Theory. New York: Vintage Books.
WRAY, Susan; EISNER, D. A. & ALLEN, D. G. (1985). “Two Hundred Years of the Foxglove”. En: Medical History. Supplement 5, p. 132-50.
WISH YOU WERE HERE. (1998). En: Oxford Today. 10.3, p. 40.
WILSON, E. O. (1999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage Books.
WHITE, Gregory L. “GM Takes Advice from Disease Sleuths to Debug Cars”. En: Wall Street Journal. Abril 8 de 1999. p. B1, B4.
________. (1952). The Counter-Revolution of Science. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
PORTUGAL, Franklin H. & COHEN, Jack S. (1977). A Century of DNA: A History of the Discovery of the Structure and Function of the Genetic Substance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Von HAYEK, F. A. (Agosto de 1942). “Scientism and the Study of Society”. En: Económica. p. 267-91.
TSUCHIYA, Aki; DOLAN, Paul & SHAW, Rebecca. (2007). “Measuring People’s Preferences Regarding Ageism in Health: Some Methodological Issues and Some Fresh Evidence”. En: Social Science and Medicine. 57, p. 688-696.
TRUSEDELL, C. (1968). Essays in the History of Mechanics. New York: Springer.
TROPICAL PLANT DATABASE FILE FOR QUININE. [citado 6 octubre 2009] Disponible en internet: <http://www.rain-tree.com/quinine.htm>
STEWART, Matthew. (Junio 20 de 2007). “The Management Myth”. En: Atlantic Monthly. 297.5, p. 80-87.
SNOW, C. P. (1964). “The Two Cultures” (1959). En: The Two Cultures and a Second Look. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SHERMER, Michael. (Septiembre de 2002). “The Shamans of Scientism”. En: Scientific American, 287.3.
SCHILPP, Paul A. (Ed). (1974). The Philosophy of Karl Popper. La Salle, IL: Open Court. p. 3-181.
RICHARDSON, Jeff. (s.f.) “Age Weighting and Discounting: What Are the Ethical Issues?” En: Working Paper 108, Health Economics Unit, Monash University (Australia).
REYNOLDS, James E. F. (Ed). (1993). Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 30a ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
RAVETZ, Jerome. (1971). Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
HOBBS, A. H. (1953). Social Problems and Scientism. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Press.
HEILBRONER, Robert L. (1999). The Worldly Philosophers. 7a ed. New York: Simon and Schuster. Capítulo XI.
HALLER, Christine & BENOWITZ, Neal A. (2000). “Adverse Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System Events Associated with Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedra Alkaloids”. En: New England Journal of Medicine. 343, p. 1833-1838.
ABRAHAMSON, David. (1960). The Psychology of Crime. New York: Columbia University Press.
FEYERABEND, Paul K. (1970). Against Method. London: New Left Books.
________. (en prensa). “Federal Philosophy of Science: A Deconstruction – and a Reconstruction”. En: NYU Journal of Law and Liberty.
________. (2009). “The Meaning of Pragmatism: The Ethics of Terminology and the Language of Philosophy”. En: Teorema. XXX, III.3, p. 9-25.
________. (2008). Putting Philosophy to Work. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
________. (2007). “Peer Review and Publication: Lessons for Lawyers”. En: Stetson Law Review. 36, p. 789-819.
________. (2005). “Trial and Error: The Supreme Court’s Philosophy of Science”. En: American Journal of Public Health. 95, p. 66-73.
________. (2004). “Science, Economics, ‘Vision’”. En: Social Research. 7.2, p.167-83.
HAACK, Susan. (2003). Defending Science – Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
GROSS, Paul R.; LEVITT, Norman & LEWIS, Martin. (Eds). (1997). The Flight from Science and Reason (1996). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
GROOM, Dale. (Septiembre de 1956). “Drugs for Cardiac Patients”. En: American Journal of Nursing. 56.9, p. 1125-1127.
FØLLESDAL, Dagfinn. (2002). “Science, Pseudo-Science and Traditional Knowledge”. En: ALLEA (All European Academies). Biennial Handbook. p. 27-37.
FENSTAD, E.-J. et al. (2003). “Preámbulo”. En: Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge. UNESCO World Conference on Science 2003. p. 4. [citado 15 septiembre 2009]. Disponible en internet: <http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/eng/declaration_e.htm>
BRIDGMAN, Percy. (1955). “The Prospect for Intelligence” (1945). En: Reflections of a Physicist. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 526-552.
________. (1955). “On Scientific Method” (1949). En: Reflections of a Physicist. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 81-82.
DO CHARTERS ‘CREAM’ THE BEST? En: Wall Street Journal. Septiembre 24 de 2009. p. A20.
BUDERI, Robert. “Science: Beaming in on the Past”. En: Time. 10, Marzo, 1986. [citado 1 octubre 2009] Disponible en internet: <http://www.time.com/time/printout,0,8816,96050,00.html>
DEWEY, John. (1960). The Quest for Certainty (1929). New York: Capricorn Books.
De WAAL, Frans. (2009). The Age of Empathy. New York: Harmony.
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