La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.

La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.

Este artículo resume las teorías usadas más comúnmente en las ciencias sociales para explicar las causas y consecuencias de la segregación urbana en las ciudades contemporáneas. Además, se propone un nuevo marco teórico, basado en los aportes de la antropología, al igual que se resumen las soluciones propuestas por urbanistas. Se termina con una agenda nueva para investigar y abordar el problema. El artículo concluye que la segregación tiene aspectos positivos y negativos y debe ser entendida y abordada como un fenómeno típicamente moderno que requiere propuestas nuevas en los ámbitos del urbanismo y el discurso político.

Guardado en:

Revista de Arquitectura (Bogotá)

1657-0308

2357-626X

Espino Méndez, Nilson Ariel

UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE COLOMBIA

10

2008-07-01

34

47

Colombia

Pobreza

Vivienda

Cultura

Desigualdad

Antropología

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Nilson Ariel Espino Méndez - 2008

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spelling La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
Lewis, O. (1966). The Culture of Poverty. Scientific American, 215: 19-25.
Portes, A. (1989). El sector informal: Definición, controversias, relaciones con el desarrollo nacional. Lo urbano: teoría y métodos, editado por Mario Lungo. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana.
Perin, C. (1977). Everything in its Place. Social Order and Land Use in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Peattie, L. (1994). An Argument for Slums. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 13 (2): 136-143.
Pearce-Oroz, G. (2005). Causes and Consequences of Rapid Urban Spatial Segregation: The New Towns of Tegucigalpa. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Peach, C. (2005). The Ghetto and the Ethnic Enclave. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Marris, P. (1996). The Politics of Uncertainty. Attachment in private and public life. London: Routledge.
Marcuse, P. (2005). Enclaves Yes, Ghettos No: Segregation and the State. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Madanipour, A., Cars, G., and Allen J., (eds.) (2003). Social Exclusion in European Cities: Processs, Experiences, and Responses. London: Routledge.
Lynch, K. and Hack, G.. (1984). Site Planning, 3rd edition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Lucy, W. H. and Phillips, D. L.. (2000). Confronting Suburban Decline. Strategic Planning for Metropolitan Renewal. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Langer, P. (1984). Sociology-Four Images of Organized Diversity: Bazaar, Jungle, Organism, and Machine. Cities of the Mind. Images and Themes of the City in the Social Sciences, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Robert M. Hollister. New York: Plenum Press.
Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood Heterogeneity or Homogeneity. Architecture and Behavior, 1: 65-77.
Kostof, S. (1992). The City Assembled. Boston: Bulfinch. Krueckeberg, D. A. (1999). The Grapes of Rent: A History of Renting in a Country of Owners. Housing Policy Debate 10 (1): 9-30.
Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Heilbroner, R. L. (1989). Naturaleza y lógica del capitalismo, traducción de Rosa Cusminsky de Cendrero. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.
Healy, P. (2003). Institutionalist theory, social exclusion and governance. Social Exclusion in European Cities: Processs, Experiences, and Responses, edited by Ali Madanipour, Göran Cars, and Judith Allen. London: Routledge.
Harvey, D. (1985). The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Graeber, D. (2001). Toward and Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams. New York: Palgrave.
Goode, J. (2002). How Urban Ethnography Counters Myths About the Poor. Urban Life. Readings in Anthropology of the City, edited by George Gmelch and Walter P. Zenner.Long Grove: Waveland Press.
Gilligan, J. (2001). Preventing Violence. New York: Thames & Hudson.
Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: The University of California Press.
Gans, H. (1961b). The Balanced Community: Homogeneity or Heterogeneity in Residential Areas. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 27: 176-184.
Gans, H. (1961a). Planning and Social Life: Friendship and Neighbor Relations in Suburban Communities. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 27: 134-140.
Qadeer, M A. (2005). Ethnic Segregation in a Multicultural City. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment. A Nonverbal Communication Approach, with a new epilogue by the author. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Friedman, J. (1994). Introduction. Consumption and Identity, edited by Jonathan Friedman. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Varady, D. P., (ed.) (2005). Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality. Albany: State University of New York Press.
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Werthman, C., Jerry, S. M., and Ted, D. (1965). Planning and the Purchase Decision: Why People Buy in Planned Communities. Berkeley: Center for Planning and Development Research (Unpublished study).
Wassmer, R. W. (2005). An Economic View of the Causes as Well as the Costs and Some of the Benefits of Urban Spatial Segregation. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Warner, W., Marcia M., and Kenneth, E. (1960). Social Class in America. New York: Harper & Row.
Vandell, K. D. (1995). Market Factors Affecting Spatial Heterogeneity among Urban Neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate. 6 (1): 103-139.
Rykwert, J. (1988). The Idea of a Town. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Van Weesep, J. (1994). Gentrification as a research frontier. Progress in Human Geography, 18 (1): 74-83.
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Taylor, C. (1992). The Politics of Recognition. Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition: An Essay by Charles Taylor, with commentary by Amy Gutman, Steven C. Rockefeller, Michael Nalzer, and Susan Wolf, edited by Amy Gutman. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Taylor, C. (2004). Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham: Duke University Press.
Sutcliffe, B. (2007). The Unequalled and Unequal Twentieth Century. Global Inequality, edited by David Held andAyse Kaya. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Squires, G. D., Friedman, S. and Saidat, C. E. (2005). Experiencing Residential Segregation: A Contemporary Study of Washington, D.C.. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Séguin, A-M. (2006). Los barrios cerrados: ¿Una forma segregativa que amenaza la cohesión social a nivel local en las ciudades latinoamericanas?. La segregación socio-espacial urbana: Una mirada sobre Puebla, Puerto España, San José y San Salvador. San José: FLACSO.
Sarkissian, W. (1976). The Idea of Social Mix in Town Planning: An Historical Review. Urban Studies, 13, 231-246.
Sahlins, M. (1976). Culture and Practical Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sabatini, F. (2006). La segregación social del espacio en las ciudades de América Latina. Publicación del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. (Disponible en http://idbgroup.org/sds/publication/publication_4338_s.htm)
Rusk, D. (1999). Inside game Outside Game. Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Gans, H. (1995). The War Against the Poor. The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York: Basic Books.
Espino, N. A. (2005). Inequality, Segregation, and Housing Markets: The U.S. Case. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Publication
Núm. 1 , Año 2008 :Enero - diciembre
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Español
Espino, N. A. (2007). The Development of Low-Income Housing in the Central and Historic Neighborhoods of Panama City: New models for Economic Development and Social Integration Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper.
Revista de Arquitectura (Bogotá)
Universidad Católica de Colombia
application/pdf
Artículo de revista
1
Abeles, P. L. (1989). Planning and Zoning. Zoning and the American Dream. Promises Still to Keep, edited by Charles Haar and Jerold S. Kayden. Chicago: Planners Press.
10
Pobreza
Vivienda
Cultura
Desigualdad
Antropología
Espino Méndez, Nilson Ariel
Este artículo resume las teorías usadas más comúnmente en las ciencias sociales para explicar las causas y consecuencias de la segregación urbana en las ciudades contemporáneas. Además, se propone un nuevo marco teórico, basado en los aportes de la antropología, al igual que se resumen las soluciones propuestas por urbanistas. Se termina con una agenda nueva para investigar y abordar el problema. El artículo concluye que la segregación tiene aspectos positivos y negativos y debe ser entendida y abordada como un fenómeno típicamente moderno que requiere propuestas nuevas en los ámbitos del urbanismo y el discurso político.
Nilson Ariel Espino Méndez - 2008
https://revistadearquitectura.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/781
Appleyard, D. (1979). The Environment as a Social Symbol: Within a Theory of Environmental Action and Perception. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45 (2): 143-153.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Espino, A. (2007). El patrimonio arquitectónico y la restauración en la ciudad de Panamá. La acción del Estado: recuperación del Casco Antiguo de la ciudad de Panamá. Revista de Arquitectura, 9, 38-47.
Duncan, J. S. (1982). From Container of Women to Status Symbol: The Impact of Social Structure on the Meaning of the House. Housing and Identity. Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by James S. Duncan. New York: Holmes & Meier.
Dumont, L. (1980). Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, translated by Mark Sainsbury, Louis Dumont, and Baisa Gulati. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Downs, A. (2000). How City-Planning Practices Affect Metropolitan-Area Housing Markets, and Vice Versa. The Profession of City Planning: Changes, Images, and Challenges, 1950-2000, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Bishwapriya Sanyal. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
Douglas, M. (2004). Traditional Culture- Lets Hear No More About It. Culture and Public Action, edited by Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton. Stanford: University of Stanford Press.
Douglas, M. (1996). Thought Styles. Critical Essays on Good Taste. London: Sage Publications.
Castillero Calvo, A. (1994). La vivienda colonial en Panamá. Panamá: Biblioteca Cultural Shell.
Cameron, S. and Simin, D. (2003). Combating social exclusion: looking in or looking out. Social Exclusion in European Cities: Process, Experiences, and Responses, edited by Ali Madanipour, Göran Cars, and Judith Allen. London: Routledge.
Briggs, Xavier de Souza. (2005). Social Capital and Segregation in the United States. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The Logic of Practice, translated by Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Boal, F. W. (2005). Urban Ethnic Segregation and the Scenarios Spectrum. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Block, F. (1990). Postindustrial Possibilities. A Critique of Economic Discourse. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Appadurai, A. (1986). Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value. The Social Life of Things. Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Arjun Appadurai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Banerjee, T. and William C. B. (1984). Beyond the Neighborhood Unit. Residential Environment and Public Policy. New York: Plenum Press.
Béteille, A. (1994). Inequality and Equality. In Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited by Tim Ingold. London: Routledge.
Barth, F. (1969). Introduction. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Blumenfeld, H. (1971). Comments on the Neighborhood Concept. In The Modern Metropolis. Its Origins, Growth, Characteristics, and Planning, edited by Paul D. Spreiregen. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Urban segregation : a brief theoretical overview for planners.
This article summarizes the theories most commonly used in the social sciences to explain the causes and consequences of urban segregation in contemporary cities. A new theoretical framework is proposed, based mainly on the contributions of the field of anthropology. A summary on the solutions proposed by planners is offered, and a new agenda is defined for practitioners seeking to understand and confront the problems posed by urban segregation. The article concludes that urban segregation is a typical modern phenomenon with positive and negative impacts, that requires innovation in urban policy and political discourse.
Anthropology
Inequality
Culture
Housing
Poverty
Journal article
https://revistadearquitectura.ucatolica.edu.co/article/download/781/811
2008-07-01T00:00:00Z
2008-07-01
https://revistadearquitectura.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/781
2357-626X
2008-07-01T00:00:00Z
1657-0308
34
47
institution UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE COLOMBIA
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADCATOLICADECOLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Revista de Arquitectura (Bogotá)
title La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
spellingShingle La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
Espino Méndez, Nilson Ariel
Pobreza
Vivienda
Cultura
Desigualdad
Antropología
Anthropology
Inequality
Culture
Housing
Poverty
title_short La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
title_full La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
title_fullStr La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
title_full_unstemmed La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
title_sort la segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.
title_eng Urban segregation : a brief theoretical overview for planners.
description Este artículo resume las teorías usadas más comúnmente en las ciencias sociales para explicar las causas y consecuencias de la segregación urbana en las ciudades contemporáneas. Además, se propone un nuevo marco teórico, basado en los aportes de la antropología, al igual que se resumen las soluciones propuestas por urbanistas. Se termina con una agenda nueva para investigar y abordar el problema. El artículo concluye que la segregación tiene aspectos positivos y negativos y debe ser entendida y abordada como un fenómeno típicamente moderno que requiere propuestas nuevas en los ámbitos del urbanismo y el discurso político.
description_eng This article summarizes the theories most commonly used in the social sciences to explain the causes and consequences of urban segregation in contemporary cities. A new theoretical framework is proposed, based mainly on the contributions of the field of anthropology. A summary on the solutions proposed by planners is offered, and a new agenda is defined for practitioners seeking to understand and confront the problems posed by urban segregation. The article concludes that urban segregation is a typical modern phenomenon with positive and negative impacts, that requires innovation in urban policy and political discourse.
author Espino Méndez, Nilson Ariel
author_facet Espino Méndez, Nilson Ariel
topicspa_str_mv Pobreza
Vivienda
Cultura
Desigualdad
Antropología
topic Pobreza
Vivienda
Cultura
Desigualdad
Antropología
Anthropology
Inequality
Culture
Housing
Poverty
topic_facet Pobreza
Vivienda
Cultura
Desigualdad
Antropología
Anthropology
Inequality
Culture
Housing
Poverty
citationvolume 10
citationissue 1
citationedition Núm. 1 , Año 2008 :Enero - diciembre
publisher Universidad Católica de Colombia
ispartofjournal Revista de Arquitectura (Bogotá)
source https://revistadearquitectura.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/781
language Español
format Article
rights http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Nilson Ariel Espino Méndez - 2008
references Lewis, O. (1966). The Culture of Poverty. Scientific American, 215: 19-25.
Portes, A. (1989). El sector informal: Definición, controversias, relaciones con el desarrollo nacional. Lo urbano: teoría y métodos, editado por Mario Lungo. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana.
Perin, C. (1977). Everything in its Place. Social Order and Land Use in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Peattie, L. (1994). An Argument for Slums. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 13 (2): 136-143.
Pearce-Oroz, G. (2005). Causes and Consequences of Rapid Urban Spatial Segregation: The New Towns of Tegucigalpa. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Peach, C. (2005). The Ghetto and the Ethnic Enclave. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Marris, P. (1996). The Politics of Uncertainty. Attachment in private and public life. London: Routledge.
Marcuse, P. (2005). Enclaves Yes, Ghettos No: Segregation and the State. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Madanipour, A., Cars, G., and Allen J., (eds.) (2003). Social Exclusion in European Cities: Processs, Experiences, and Responses. London: Routledge.
Lynch, K. and Hack, G.. (1984). Site Planning, 3rd edition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Lucy, W. H. and Phillips, D. L.. (2000). Confronting Suburban Decline. Strategic Planning for Metropolitan Renewal. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Langer, P. (1984). Sociology-Four Images of Organized Diversity: Bazaar, Jungle, Organism, and Machine. Cities of the Mind. Images and Themes of the City in the Social Sciences, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Robert M. Hollister. New York: Plenum Press.
Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood Heterogeneity or Homogeneity. Architecture and Behavior, 1: 65-77.
Kostof, S. (1992). The City Assembled. Boston: Bulfinch. Krueckeberg, D. A. (1999). The Grapes of Rent: A History of Renting in a Country of Owners. Housing Policy Debate 10 (1): 9-30.
Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Heilbroner, R. L. (1989). Naturaleza y lógica del capitalismo, traducción de Rosa Cusminsky de Cendrero. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.
Healy, P. (2003). Institutionalist theory, social exclusion and governance. Social Exclusion in European Cities: Processs, Experiences, and Responses, edited by Ali Madanipour, Göran Cars, and Judith Allen. London: Routledge.
Harvey, D. (1985). The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Graeber, D. (2001). Toward and Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams. New York: Palgrave.
Goode, J. (2002). How Urban Ethnography Counters Myths About the Poor. Urban Life. Readings in Anthropology of the City, edited by George Gmelch and Walter P. Zenner.Long Grove: Waveland Press.
Gilligan, J. (2001). Preventing Violence. New York: Thames & Hudson.
Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: The University of California Press.
Gans, H. (1961b). The Balanced Community: Homogeneity or Heterogeneity in Residential Areas. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 27: 176-184.
Gans, H. (1961a). Planning and Social Life: Friendship and Neighbor Relations in Suburban Communities. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 27: 134-140.
Qadeer, M A. (2005). Ethnic Segregation in a Multicultural City. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment. A Nonverbal Communication Approach, with a new epilogue by the author. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Friedman, J. (1994). Introduction. Consumption and Identity, edited by Jonathan Friedman. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Varady, D. P., (ed.) (2005). Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Werthman, C., Jerry, S. M., and Ted, D. (1965). Planning and the Purchase Decision: Why People Buy in Planned Communities. Berkeley: Center for Planning and Development Research (Unpublished study).
Wassmer, R. W. (2005). An Economic View of the Causes as Well as the Costs and Some of the Benefits of Urban Spatial Segregation. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Warner, W., Marcia M., and Kenneth, E. (1960). Social Class in America. New York: Harper & Row.
Vandell, K. D. (1995). Market Factors Affecting Spatial Heterogeneity among Urban Neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate. 6 (1): 103-139.
Rykwert, J. (1988). The Idea of a Town. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Van Weesep, J. (1994). Gentrification as a research frontier. Progress in Human Geography, 18 (1): 74-83.
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Taylor, C. (1992). The Politics of Recognition. Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition: An Essay by Charles Taylor, with commentary by Amy Gutman, Steven C. Rockefeller, Michael Nalzer, and Susan Wolf, edited by Amy Gutman. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Taylor, C. (2004). Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham: Duke University Press.
Sutcliffe, B. (2007). The Unequalled and Unequal Twentieth Century. Global Inequality, edited by David Held andAyse Kaya. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Squires, G. D., Friedman, S. and Saidat, C. E. (2005). Experiencing Residential Segregation: A Contemporary Study of Washington, D.C.. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Séguin, A-M. (2006). Los barrios cerrados: ¿Una forma segregativa que amenaza la cohesión social a nivel local en las ciudades latinoamericanas?. La segregación socio-espacial urbana: Una mirada sobre Puebla, Puerto España, San José y San Salvador. San José: FLACSO.
Sarkissian, W. (1976). The Idea of Social Mix in Town Planning: An Historical Review. Urban Studies, 13, 231-246.
Sahlins, M. (1976). Culture and Practical Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sabatini, F. (2006). La segregación social del espacio en las ciudades de América Latina. Publicación del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. (Disponible en http://idbgroup.org/sds/publication/publication_4338_s.htm)
Rusk, D. (1999). Inside game Outside Game. Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Gans, H. (1995). The War Against the Poor. The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York: Basic Books.
Espino, N. A. (2005). Inequality, Segregation, and Housing Markets: The U.S. Case. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Espino, N. A. (2007). The Development of Low-Income Housing in the Central and Historic Neighborhoods of Panama City: New models for Economic Development and Social Integration Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper.
Abeles, P. L. (1989). Planning and Zoning. Zoning and the American Dream. Promises Still to Keep, edited by Charles Haar and Jerold S. Kayden. Chicago: Planners Press.
Appleyard, D. (1979). The Environment as a Social Symbol: Within a Theory of Environmental Action and Perception. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45 (2): 143-153.
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Espino, A. (2007). El patrimonio arquitectónico y la restauración en la ciudad de Panamá. La acción del Estado: recuperación del Casco Antiguo de la ciudad de Panamá. Revista de Arquitectura, 9, 38-47.
Duncan, J. S. (1982). From Container of Women to Status Symbol: The Impact of Social Structure on the Meaning of the House. Housing and Identity. Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by James S. Duncan. New York: Holmes & Meier.
Dumont, L. (1980). Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, translated by Mark Sainsbury, Louis Dumont, and Baisa Gulati. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Downs, A. (2000). How City-Planning Practices Affect Metropolitan-Area Housing Markets, and Vice Versa. The Profession of City Planning: Changes, Images, and Challenges, 1950-2000, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Bishwapriya Sanyal. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
Douglas, M. (2004). Traditional Culture- Lets Hear No More About It. Culture and Public Action, edited by Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton. Stanford: University of Stanford Press.
Douglas, M. (1996). Thought Styles. Critical Essays on Good Taste. London: Sage Publications.
Castillero Calvo, A. (1994). La vivienda colonial en Panamá. Panamá: Biblioteca Cultural Shell.
Cameron, S. and Simin, D. (2003). Combating social exclusion: looking in or looking out. Social Exclusion in European Cities: Process, Experiences, and Responses, edited by Ali Madanipour, Göran Cars, and Judith Allen. London: Routledge.
Briggs, Xavier de Souza. (2005). Social Capital and Segregation in the United States. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The Logic of Practice, translated by Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Boal, F. W. (2005). Urban Ethnic Segregation and the Scenarios Spectrum. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Block, F. (1990). Postindustrial Possibilities. A Critique of Economic Discourse. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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citationendpage 47
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