Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia.
Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas a escala regional. Alcance: Para evaluar los efectos de la deforestación, y la fragmentación del bosque resultante, sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas, se desarrolló un procedimiento basado en la similitud florística a escala regional. Metodología: Utilizando rarefacción y decaimiento a distancia se evaluó la similitud florística entre 12 parches de bosque de diferentes extensiones. Dicha evaluación fue usada para analizar los efectos de la fragmentación del bosque sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas en un bosque húmedo tropical de tierras bajas localizado en el piedemonte andino, departamento de Casanare, Colombia. Resultados principales:... Ver más
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Andrés Viña - 2019
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Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. Colombia Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural Boletín Científico Artículo de revista Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Julio - Diciembre 23 rarefacción 2 bosque tropical de tierras bajas especies de árboles Estévez Varón, Jaime Vicente Viña, Andrés Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas a escala regional. Alcance: Para evaluar los efectos de la deforestación, y la fragmentación del bosque resultante, sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas, se desarrolló un procedimiento basado en la similitud florística a escala regional. Metodología: Utilizando rarefacción y decaimiento a distancia se evaluó la similitud florística entre 12 parches de bosque de diferentes extensiones. Dicha evaluación fue usada para analizar los efectos de la fragmentación del bosque sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas en un bosque húmedo tropical de tierras bajas localizado en el piedemonte andino, departamento de Casanare, Colombia. Resultados principales: Como la fragmentación puede reducir la biodiversidad a escalas locales mientras que puede homogenizarla a escalas regionales, esperábamos una homogenización regional de la composición de especies de árboles en el área de estudio. Por el contrario, la similitud florística entre parches de bosque fue baja, lo que sugiere que la composición de especies arbóreas presente antes de la fragmentación puede mantenerse aún. Sin embargo, varias de las especies aún presentes pueden estar propensas a la extinción regional, particularmente si se mantiene o incrementa la fragmentación. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el análisis de la similitud florística entre parches de bosque constituye una forma práctica para evaluar los efectos de la fragmentación sobre la composición y distribución regional de especies arbóreas. Dicho análisis constituye una herramienta que puede ser usada en el desarrollo de programas de conservación de la biodiversidad regional. fragmentación LÔBO, D., LEÃO, T., MELO, F.P., SANTOS, A.M. & TABARELLI, M., 2011.- Forest fragmentation drives Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil to biotic homogenization. Diversity and Distributions, 17(2): 287-296. NOSS, R.F., 1983.- A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience, 33(11): 700-706. NEPSTAD, D., UHL, C. & SERRAO, E.A., 1990.- Surmounting barriers to forest regeneration in abandoned, highly degraded pastures: a case study from Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest: 215-229. NEKOLA, J.C. & WHITE, P.S., 1999.- The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography, 26(4): 867-878. MEAVE, J. & KELLMAN, M., 1994.- Maintenance of rain forest diversity in riparian forests of tropical savannas: implications for species conservation during Pleistocene drought. Journal of Biogeography: 121-135. MCCOY, E.D., 1982.- The application of island-biogeographic theory to forest tracts: problems in the determination of turnover rates. Biological Conservation, 22(3): 217-227. LUGO, A.E., 1992.- Comparison of Tropical Tree Plantations with Secondary Forests of Similar Age: Ecological Archives M062-001. Ecological Monographs, 62(1): 1-41. HURLBERT, S.H., 1971.- The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52(4): 577-586. LECK, C.F., 1979.- Avian extinctions in an isolated tropical wet-forest preserve, Ecuador. The Auk, 96(2): 343-352. LIU, J., WILSON, M., HU, G., LIU, J., WU, J. & YU, M., 2018.- How does habitat fragmentation affect the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship? Landscape Ecology, 33(3): 341-352. LEIBOLD, M.A., 2008.- Ecology: return of the niche. Nature, 454(7200): 39. LAURANCE, W.F., 1991.- Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 57(2):205-219. QIAN, H. & GUO, Q., 2010.- Linking biotic homogenization to habitat type, invasiveness and growth form of naturalized alien plants in North America. Diversity and Distributions, 16(1): 119-125. KATTAN, G.H., ÁLVAREZ‐LÓPEZ, H. & GIRALDO, M., 1994.- Forest fragmentation and bird extinctions: San Antonio eighty years later. Conservation Biology, 8(1): 138-146. JOSHI, A.A., MUDAPPA, D. & RAMAN, T.S., 2015.- Invasive alien species in relation to edges and forest structure in tropical rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats. Tropical Ecology, 56(2): 233-244. JANZEN, D.H., 1986.- The future of tropical ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17(1): 305-324. JANZEN, D.H., 1983.- No park is an island: increase in interference from outside as park size decreases. Pp. 192-202. Ecosystem management. Springer. 192-202 pp. HUTCHINSON, G.E., 1991.- Population studies: Animal ecology and demography. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 53(1-2): 193-213. OLDEN, J.D. & ROONEY, T.P., 2006.- On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15(2): 113-120. TUOMISTO, H., RUOKOLAINEN, K. & YLI-HALLA, M., 2003.- Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science, 299(5604): 241-244. ROBERTSON, G.P., 1987.- Geostatistics in Ecology: Interpolating With Known Variance: Ecological Archives E068-003. Ecology, 68(3): 744-748. WHITTAKER, R.H., 1972.- Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon: 213-251. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article ZULUAGA-RAMÍREZ, S., HERNÁNDEZ-CAMACHO, J. & BARBOSA, C., 1994.- Notas para la caracterización preliminar de las principales unidades ecológicas de la zona Caño Limón, Arauca. Trianea, 5: 85-100. WHITFIELD, J., 2002-. Ecology: neutrality versus the niche. Nature, 417: 480-481. SANDERS, H.L., 1968.- Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. The American Naturalist, 102(925): 243-282. VIÑA, A. & CAVELIER, J., 1999.- Deforestation Rates (1938–1988) of Tropical Lowland Forests on the Andean Foothills of Colombia 1. Biotropica, 31(1): 31-36. TURNER, I., 1996.- Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: a review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology: 200-209. HOLDRIDGE, L.R., 1967.- Life zone ecology. Life zone ecology. (rev. ed.). TAKKIS, K., KULL, T., HALLIKMA, T., JAKSI, P., KALJUND, K., KAUER, K., KULL, T., KURINA, O., KÜLVIK, M. & LANNO, K., 2018.- Drivers of species richness and community integrity of small forest patches in an agricultural landscape. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29(6): 978-988. SOININEN, J., MCDONALD, R. & HILLEBRAND, H., 2007.- The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography, 30(1): 3-12. SMITH, W. & GRASSLE, J.F., 1977.- Sampling properties of a family of diversity measures. Biometrics: 283-292. SIMBERLOFF, D., 1992.- Species-area relationships, fragmentation, and extinction in tropical forests. Malayan Nature Journal, 45: 398-413. SAUNDERS, D.A., HOBBS, R.J. & MARGULES, C.R., 1991.- Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology, 5(1): 18-32. HUBBELL, S.P., 2001.- The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (MPB-32). Princeton University Press. FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., BRUNSDON, C. & CHARLTON, M., 2003.- Geographically weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. John Wiley & Sons. HECK JR., K.L., VAN BELLE, G. & SIMBERLOFF, D., 1975.- Explicit calculation of the rarefaction diversity measurement and the determination of sufficient sample size. Ecology, 56(6): 1459-1461. BIERREGAARD JR., R.O., LOVEJOY, T.E., KAPOS, V., DOS SANTOS, A.A. & HUTCHINGS, R.W., 1992.- The biological dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. BioScience: 859-866. Objective: To evaluate the effects of fragmentation on tree species diversity at a regional scale. Scope: A procedure based on floristic similarity was developed to evaluate the effects of deforestation, and its resultant forest fragmentation, on tree species diversity at a regional scale. Methodology: Floristic similarity among twelve forest patches of different areal extents, assessed using rarefaction curves and distance decay, was utilized to evaluate the effects of forest fragmentation on tree species diversity in a lowland tropical moist forest region located in the Andean foothills, Department of Casanare, Colombia. Main results: As fragmentation may reduce biodiversity at local scales while homogenize it at regional scales, a regional homogenization of tree species composition of the study area was expected. In contrast, inter-patch floristic similarity was low suggesting that pre-fragmentation tree species composition may still be maintained. Nevertheless, several of the tree species sampled could be prone to regional extinction, particularly if fragmentation is maintained or increased. Our results suggest that the analysis of inter-patch floristic similarity constitutes a practical way to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on regional tree species composition and distribution. This constitutes an analytical tool useful for the design of programs to conserve biodiversity at regional scales. lowland tropical forest tree species fragmentation Colombia rarefaction Journal article application/pdf https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/101 Inglés https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Andrés Viña - 2019 HARRIS, L.D., 2013.- The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press. ANDREN, H., 1992.- Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: a landscape perspective. Ecology, 73(3): 794-804. Publication BLANDÓN, A.C., PERELMAN, S.B., RAMÍREZ, M., LÓPEZ, A., JAVIER, O. & ROBBINS, C.S., 2016.- Temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region. Biodiversity and conservation, 25(2): 311-330. BROWN, S. & LUGO, A.E., 1990.- Tropical secondary forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(1): 1-32. HADDAD, N.M., BRUDVIG, L.A., CLOBERT, J., DAVIES, K.F., GONZALEZ, A., HOLT, R.D., LOVEJOY, T.E., SEXTON, J.O., AUSTIN, M.P. & COLLINS, C.D., 2015.- Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances, 1(2): e1500052 GOOSEN, D., 1971.- Physiography and soils of the Llanos Orientales, Colombia. International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences. GILLESPIE, T.W., 1999.- Life history characteristics and rarity of woody plants in tropical dry forest fragments of Central America. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15(5): 637-649. GARDNER, T.A., BARLOW, J., CHAZDON, R., EWERS, R.M., HARVEY, C.A., PERES, C.A. & SODHI, N.S., 2009.- Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human‐modified world. Ecology Letters, 12(6): 561-582. Effects of fragmentation on tree species diversity in a lowland tropical forest area of the andean foothills of Colombia. FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., 1981.- Spatial structure and distance-decay parameters. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 71(3): 425-436. ELLENBERG, D. & MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D., 1974.- Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley New York. DODSON, C.H. & GENTRY, A.H., 1991.- Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 273-295. DEL PLIEGO, P.G., SCHEFFERS, B.R., BASHAM, E.W., WOODCOCK, P., WHEELER, C., GILROY, J.J., URIBE, C.A.M., HAUGAASEN, T., FRECKLETON, R.P. & EDWARDS, D.P., 2016.- Thermally buffered microhabitats recovery in tropical secondary forests following land abandonment. Biological Conservation, 201: 385-395. DE PAULA MATEUS, D., GROENEVELD, J., FISCHER, R., TAUBERT, F., MARTINS, V.F. & HUTH, A., 2018.- Defaunation impacts on seed survival and its effect on the biomass of future tropical forests. Oikos, 127(10): 1526-1538. COTTAM, G., CURTIS, J.T. & HALE, B.W., 1953.- Some sampling characteristics of a population of randomly dispersed individuals. Ecology, 34(4): 741-757. COTTAM, G. & CURTIS, J.T., 1956.- The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology, 37(3): 451-460. CHAZDON, R., 1999.- Tropical forests: Log them or leave them? Science 281: 1295. CHAPMAN, J.I., MYERS, A.L., BURKY, A.J. & MCEWAN, R.W., 2015.- Edge Effects, Invasion, and the Spatial Pattern of HerbLayer Biodiversity in an Old-Growth Deciduous Forest Fragment. Natural Areas Journal, 35(3): 439-452. 2462-8190 0123-3068 10.17151/bccm.2019.23.2.5 2019-07-01 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/download/101/74 https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2019.23.2.5 132 109 |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDECALDAS/logo.png |
| country_str |
Colombia |
| collection |
Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural |
| title |
Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. |
| spellingShingle |
Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. Estévez Varón, Jaime Vicente Viña, Andrés Colombia rarefacción bosque tropical de tierras bajas especies de árboles fragmentación lowland tropical forest tree species fragmentation Colombia rarefaction |
| title_short |
Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. |
| title_full |
Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. |
| title_fullStr |
Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de Colombia. |
| title_sort |
efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies de árboles en un área de bosque de tierras bajas en el piedemonte andino de colombia. |
| title_eng |
Effects of fragmentation on tree species diversity in a lowland tropical forest area of the andean foothills of Colombia. |
| description |
Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la fragmentación sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas a escala regional. Alcance: Para evaluar los efectos de la deforestación, y la fragmentación del bosque resultante, sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas, se desarrolló un procedimiento basado en la similitud florística a escala regional. Metodología: Utilizando rarefacción y decaimiento a distancia se evaluó la similitud florística entre 12 parches de bosque de diferentes extensiones. Dicha evaluación fue usada para analizar los efectos de la fragmentación del bosque sobre la diversidad de especies arbóreas en un bosque húmedo tropical de tierras bajas localizado en el piedemonte andino, departamento de Casanare, Colombia. Resultados principales: Como la fragmentación puede reducir la biodiversidad a escalas locales mientras que puede homogenizarla a escalas regionales, esperábamos una homogenización regional de la composición de especies de árboles en el área de estudio. Por el contrario, la similitud florística entre parches de bosque fue baja, lo que sugiere que la composición de especies arbóreas presente antes de la fragmentación puede mantenerse aún. Sin embargo, varias de las especies aún presentes pueden estar propensas a la extinción regional, particularmente si se mantiene o incrementa la fragmentación. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el análisis de la similitud florística entre parches de bosque constituye una forma práctica para evaluar los efectos de la fragmentación sobre la composición y distribución regional de especies arbóreas. Dicho análisis constituye una herramienta que puede ser usada en el desarrollo de programas de conservación de la biodiversidad regional.
|
| description_eng |
Objective: To evaluate the effects of fragmentation on tree species diversity at a regional scale. Scope: A procedure based on floristic similarity was developed to evaluate the effects of deforestation, and its resultant forest fragmentation, on tree species diversity at a regional scale. Methodology: Floristic similarity among twelve forest patches of different areal extents, assessed using rarefaction curves and distance decay, was utilized to evaluate the effects of forest fragmentation on tree species diversity in a lowland tropical moist forest region located in the Andean foothills, Department of Casanare, Colombia. Main results: As fragmentation may reduce biodiversity at local scales while homogenize it at regional scales, a regional homogenization of tree species composition of the study area was expected. In contrast, inter-patch floristic similarity was low suggesting that pre-fragmentation tree species composition may still be maintained. Nevertheless, several of the tree species sampled could be prone to regional extinction, particularly if fragmentation is maintained or increased. Our results suggest that the analysis of inter-patch floristic similarity constitutes a practical way to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on regional tree species composition and distribution. This constitutes an analytical tool useful for the design of programs to conserve biodiversity at regional scales.
|
| author |
Estévez Varón, Jaime Vicente Viña, Andrés |
| author_facet |
Estévez Varón, Jaime Vicente Viña, Andrés |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Colombia rarefacción bosque tropical de tierras bajas especies de árboles fragmentación |
| topic |
Colombia rarefacción bosque tropical de tierras bajas especies de árboles fragmentación lowland tropical forest tree species fragmentation Colombia rarefaction |
| topic_facet |
Colombia rarefacción bosque tropical de tierras bajas especies de árboles fragmentación lowland tropical forest tree species fragmentation Colombia rarefaction |
| citationvolume |
23 |
| citationissue |
2 |
| citationedition |
Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Julio - Diciembre |
| publisher |
Boletín Científico |
| ispartofjournal |
Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural |
| source |
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/101 |
| language |
Inglés |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Andrés Viña - 2019 |
| references_eng |
LÔBO, D., LEÃO, T., MELO, F.P., SANTOS, A.M. & TABARELLI, M., 2011.- Forest fragmentation drives Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil to biotic homogenization. Diversity and Distributions, 17(2): 287-296. NOSS, R.F., 1983.- A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. BioScience, 33(11): 700-706. NEPSTAD, D., UHL, C. & SERRAO, E.A., 1990.- Surmounting barriers to forest regeneration in abandoned, highly degraded pastures: a case study from Paragominas, Pará, Brazil. Alternatives to deforestation: steps towards sustainable use of the Amazon rain forest: 215-229. NEKOLA, J.C. & WHITE, P.S., 1999.- The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography, 26(4): 867-878. MEAVE, J. & KELLMAN, M., 1994.- Maintenance of rain forest diversity in riparian forests of tropical savannas: implications for species conservation during Pleistocene drought. Journal of Biogeography: 121-135. MCCOY, E.D., 1982.- The application of island-biogeographic theory to forest tracts: problems in the determination of turnover rates. Biological Conservation, 22(3): 217-227. LUGO, A.E., 1992.- Comparison of Tropical Tree Plantations with Secondary Forests of Similar Age: Ecological Archives M062-001. Ecological Monographs, 62(1): 1-41. HURLBERT, S.H., 1971.- The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52(4): 577-586. LECK, C.F., 1979.- Avian extinctions in an isolated tropical wet-forest preserve, Ecuador. The Auk, 96(2): 343-352. LIU, J., WILSON, M., HU, G., LIU, J., WU, J. & YU, M., 2018.- How does habitat fragmentation affect the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relationship? Landscape Ecology, 33(3): 341-352. LEIBOLD, M.A., 2008.- Ecology: return of the niche. Nature, 454(7200): 39. LAURANCE, W.F., 1991.- Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 57(2):205-219. QIAN, H. & GUO, Q., 2010.- Linking biotic homogenization to habitat type, invasiveness and growth form of naturalized alien plants in North America. Diversity and Distributions, 16(1): 119-125. KATTAN, G.H., ÁLVAREZ‐LÓPEZ, H. & GIRALDO, M., 1994.- Forest fragmentation and bird extinctions: San Antonio eighty years later. Conservation Biology, 8(1): 138-146. JOSHI, A.A., MUDAPPA, D. & RAMAN, T.S., 2015.- Invasive alien species in relation to edges and forest structure in tropical rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats. Tropical Ecology, 56(2): 233-244. JANZEN, D.H., 1986.- The future of tropical ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17(1): 305-324. JANZEN, D.H., 1983.- No park is an island: increase in interference from outside as park size decreases. Pp. 192-202. Ecosystem management. Springer. 192-202 pp. HUTCHINSON, G.E., 1991.- Population studies: Animal ecology and demography. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 53(1-2): 193-213. OLDEN, J.D. & ROONEY, T.P., 2006.- On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15(2): 113-120. TUOMISTO, H., RUOKOLAINEN, K. & YLI-HALLA, M., 2003.- Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science, 299(5604): 241-244. ROBERTSON, G.P., 1987.- Geostatistics in Ecology: Interpolating With Known Variance: Ecological Archives E068-003. Ecology, 68(3): 744-748. WHITTAKER, R.H., 1972.- Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon: 213-251. ZULUAGA-RAMÍREZ, S., HERNÁNDEZ-CAMACHO, J. & BARBOSA, C., 1994.- Notas para la caracterización preliminar de las principales unidades ecológicas de la zona Caño Limón, Arauca. Trianea, 5: 85-100. WHITFIELD, J., 2002-. Ecology: neutrality versus the niche. Nature, 417: 480-481. SANDERS, H.L., 1968.- Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. The American Naturalist, 102(925): 243-282. VIÑA, A. & CAVELIER, J., 1999.- Deforestation Rates (1938–1988) of Tropical Lowland Forests on the Andean Foothills of Colombia 1. Biotropica, 31(1): 31-36. TURNER, I., 1996.- Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: a review of the evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology: 200-209. HOLDRIDGE, L.R., 1967.- Life zone ecology. Life zone ecology. (rev. ed.). TAKKIS, K., KULL, T., HALLIKMA, T., JAKSI, P., KALJUND, K., KAUER, K., KULL, T., KURINA, O., KÜLVIK, M. & LANNO, K., 2018.- Drivers of species richness and community integrity of small forest patches in an agricultural landscape. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29(6): 978-988. SOININEN, J., MCDONALD, R. & HILLEBRAND, H., 2007.- The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography, 30(1): 3-12. SMITH, W. & GRASSLE, J.F., 1977.- Sampling properties of a family of diversity measures. Biometrics: 283-292. SIMBERLOFF, D., 1992.- Species-area relationships, fragmentation, and extinction in tropical forests. Malayan Nature Journal, 45: 398-413. SAUNDERS, D.A., HOBBS, R.J. & MARGULES, C.R., 1991.- Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology, 5(1): 18-32. HUBBELL, S.P., 2001.- The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (MPB-32). Princeton University Press. FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., BRUNSDON, C. & CHARLTON, M., 2003.- Geographically weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. John Wiley & Sons. HECK JR., K.L., VAN BELLE, G. & SIMBERLOFF, D., 1975.- Explicit calculation of the rarefaction diversity measurement and the determination of sufficient sample size. Ecology, 56(6): 1459-1461. BIERREGAARD JR., R.O., LOVEJOY, T.E., KAPOS, V., DOS SANTOS, A.A. & HUTCHINGS, R.W., 1992.- The biological dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. BioScience: 859-866. HARRIS, L.D., 2013.- The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press. ANDREN, H., 1992.- Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: a landscape perspective. Ecology, 73(3): 794-804. BLANDÓN, A.C., PERELMAN, S.B., RAMÍREZ, M., LÓPEZ, A., JAVIER, O. & ROBBINS, C.S., 2016.- Temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region. Biodiversity and conservation, 25(2): 311-330. BROWN, S. & LUGO, A.E., 1990.- Tropical secondary forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(1): 1-32. HADDAD, N.M., BRUDVIG, L.A., CLOBERT, J., DAVIES, K.F., GONZALEZ, A., HOLT, R.D., LOVEJOY, T.E., SEXTON, J.O., AUSTIN, M.P. & COLLINS, C.D., 2015.- Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Advances, 1(2): e1500052 GOOSEN, D., 1971.- Physiography and soils of the Llanos Orientales, Colombia. International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences. GILLESPIE, T.W., 1999.- Life history characteristics and rarity of woody plants in tropical dry forest fragments of Central America. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15(5): 637-649. GARDNER, T.A., BARLOW, J., CHAZDON, R., EWERS, R.M., HARVEY, C.A., PERES, C.A. & SODHI, N.S., 2009.- Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human‐modified world. Ecology Letters, 12(6): 561-582. FOTHERINGHAM, A.S., 1981.- Spatial structure and distance-decay parameters. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 71(3): 425-436. ELLENBERG, D. & MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D., 1974.- Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley New York. DODSON, C.H. & GENTRY, A.H., 1991.- Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 273-295. 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