Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae).
La defensa del nido presenta gran variación inter e intraespecífica, a menudo asociada a diferencias en el sistema social o al tipo de amenaza. El Pellar (Vanellus chilensis) es conocido por la defensa de nido vigorosa contra depredadores, sin embargo, esta respuesta puede variar desde huida en silencio con maniobras de distracción al depredador (defensa pasiva), hasta vuelos estridentes de ataque directo a depredadores (defensa activa). Este estudio examina la relación entre los patrones conductuales de defensa de nido, la naturaleza de los estímulos próximos, el desarrollo embrionario y el éxito reproductivo del Pellar en estado silvestre en Colombia. Se sometieron parejas marcadas y reproductivamente activas a tres estímulos que represen... Ver más
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Lorena Cruz Bernate - 2020
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Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). Gehlbach, F. R. & Leverett, J. S. (1995). Mobbing of Eastern Screech Owls: predatory cues, risk to mobbers and degree of threat. Condor, 97, 831-834. Macedo, R. H., Karubian, J. & Webster, M. S. (2008). Extrapair paternity and sexual selection in socially monogamous birds: are tropical birds different? Auk, 125, 769–777. Lavery, R. J. & Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1990). Parental investment of a biparental cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, in relation to brood size and past investment. Anim. Behav, 40, 1128–1137. Kopachena, J.G., Buckley, A. J. & Potts, G. A. (2000). Effects of the red imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) on reproductive success of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in northeast Texas. Southwest. Nat., 45, 477–482. Knight, R. & Temple, S. A. (1986). Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle? Auk, 103, 318–327. Kleindorfer, S., Fessl, B. & Hoi, H. (2005). Avian nest defence behaviour: assessment in relation to predator distance and type, and nest height. Anim. Behav., 69, 307–313. IDEAM. (2005). Datos Meteorológicos del Estación 26055070. Cali, Colombia: Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales. Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. (2001). Guía de las Aves de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: American Bird Conservancy. Gottfried, B. M. (1979). Anti-predator aggression in birds nesting in old field habitats: an experimental analysis. Condor, 81, 251–257. Greig-Smith, P. W. (1980). Parental investment in nest defence by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata). Anim. Behav, 28, 604–619. Griesser, M. & Ekman, J. (2005). Nepotistic mobbing behaviour in the Siberian Jay, Perisoreus infaustus. Anim. Behav. 69, 345–352. Gallegos, D. (1984). Aspectos de la biología reproductiva del Tero Común Vanellus chilensis (Gmelin). I: Comportamiento y territorialidad. Hornero, 12, 150–155. Myers, J. P. (1978). One deleterious effect of mobbing in the Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis). Auk, 95, 419–420. Galeotti, P., Tavecchia, G. & Bonetti, A. (2000). Parental defence in Long-eared owl Asio otus: effects of breeding stage, parent sex and human persecution. J. Avian Biol., 31, 431–440. Fridolfsson, A. & Ellegren, H. (1999). A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. J. Avian Biol, 30, 116–121. Flasskamp, A. (1994). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing. V. An experimental test of the ‘move on’ hypothesis. Ethology, 96, 322–333. Frankenberg, E. (1981). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing: IV. “Alerting others” and “perception advertisement” in blackbirds facing an owl. Z. Tierpsychol, 55, 97–118. Espinal, L. S. (1967). Apuntes sobre Ecología Colombiana. Cali, Colombia: Universidad del Valle. Ellegren, H. (1996). First gene on the avian W chromosome (CHD) provides a tag for universal sexing of non-ratite birds. Proc. R. Denson, R. D. (1979). Owl predation on a mobbing crow. Wilson Bull., 91, 133. Piersma, T. & Wiersma, P. (1996). Family Charadriidae (plovers). In J. del Hoyo., A. Elliot. & J. Sargatal. (Eds), Handboook of the birds of the world (pp. 384-442). Barcelona, España: Lynx edicions. Defisher, L. E. & Bonter, D. N. (2013). Effects of invasive European Fire Ants (Myrmica rubra) on Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) reproduction. Plos One, 8, e64185. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064185. Dawkins, R. & Brockmann, H. J. (1980). Do digger wasps commit the Concorde fallacy? Anim. Behav, 28, 892–896. Mena-Valenzuela, P. (2018). Comportamiento y reproducción de Vanellus chilensis (Charadriidae) en Imbabura, Ecuador. Biota Col., 19 (2), 105-116. Naranjo, L. G. (1991). Notes on reproduction of the Southern Lapwing in Colombia. Ornitol. Neotrop., 2, 95–96. Curio, E., Ernest, U. & Vieth, W. (1978). Cultural transmission of enemy recognition: one function of mobbing. Science, 202, 899–901. Webb, N. V. & Blumstein, D. T. (2005). Variation in human disturbance diferentially affects predation risk assessment in Western Gulls. Condor, 107, 178–181. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Zar, J. H. (2010). Biostatistical Analysis. Ciudad: Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River. Wittenberg, J. F. (1981). Animal Social Behavior. Belmont: Wadsworth, INC. Wilcoxen, T. E. & Rensel, M. A. (2009). Invasive Fire Ants depredate nest of Florida Scrub-Jay. Wilson J. Ornithol., 121, 846–847. Walters, J. R. (1990). Anti-depredatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities. Wilson Bull, 102, 49–70. Parish, M. B. & Coulson, J. C. (1998). Parental investment, reproductive success and polygyny in the lapwing, Vanellus vanellus. Anim. Behav., 56, 1161–1167. Walters, J. R. (1982). Parental behavior in Lapwings (Charadriidae) and its relationships with clutch sizes and mating systems. Evolution, 36, 1030–1040. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell. (Ed), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). Chicago, United States of America: Aldine Publishing Company. Sordahl, T. A. (1990). The risks of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review. Wilson Bull., 102, 349–352. Shields, W. M. (1984). Barn Swallow mobbing: self-defence, collateral kin defence, or parental care?. Anim. Behav, 32, 132–148. Saracura, V., Macedo, R. H. & Blomqvist, D. (2008). Genetic parentage and variable social structure in breeding Southern Lapwings. Condor, 110, 554-558. Santos, E. S. A. (2009). Biologia reproductive de Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriidae): Porque reproduzir em grupo? [dissertação de mestrado]. Universidad de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil. Royle, N. J., Smiseth, P. T. & Kölliker, M. (2012). The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ridlehuber, K. T. (1982). Fire ant predation on Wood Duck ducklings and pipped eggs. Southwest. Nat., 27, 222. RCORE TEAM. (2018). A language and environment for statistical computing. Recovered from http://www.Rproject.org. Pavel, V. & Bures, S. (2001). Offspring age and nest defence: test of the feedback hypothesis in the meadow pipit. Anim. Behav., 61, 297–303. Davies, N. B., Krebs, J. R. & West, S. A. (2012). An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Cully, J. F. JR. & Ligon, J. D. (1976). Comparative mobbing behavior of Scrub and Mexican Jays. Auk, 93, 116–125. Publication pellar Boletín Científico Cruz-Bernate, L., Riascos, Y. & Barreto, G. (2013). Dimorfismo sexual y determinación del sexo con DNA en el Pellar Común (Vanellus chilensis). Ornitol. Neotrop., 24, 433–444. Artículo de revista Núm. 1 , Año 2020 : Enero - Junio 1 24 depredación https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/330 desarrollo embrionario cuidado paternal Colombia alcaraván agresión Cruz Bernate, Lorena La defensa del nido presenta gran variación inter e intraespecífica, a menudo asociada a diferencias en el sistema social o al tipo de amenaza. El Pellar (Vanellus chilensis) es conocido por la defensa de nido vigorosa contra depredadores, sin embargo, esta respuesta puede variar desde huida en silencio con maniobras de distracción al depredador (defensa pasiva), hasta vuelos estridentes de ataque directo a depredadores (defensa activa). Este estudio examina la relación entre los patrones conductuales de defensa de nido, la naturaleza de los estímulos próximos, el desarrollo embrionario y el éxito reproductivo del Pellar en estado silvestre en Colombia. Se sometieron parejas marcadas y reproductivamente activas a tres estímulos que representaron amenazas potenciales para la nidada (hombre a pie, jinete y tractor) y sus respuestas conductuales se clasificaron en diferentes categorías según su intensidad. La defensa del nido varió según el estado de desarrollo embrionario de los polluelos; con un desarrollo embrionario temprano, la defensa fue principalmente pasiva y a medida que avanzó el desarrollo embrionario se incrementó la defensa activa. El jinete fue el estímulo que desencadenó la mayor defensa activa mientras que, ante el hombre a pie y el tractor, la respuesta fue principalmente pasiva. La distancia a la cual las aves abandonaron los nidos al aproximarse un estímulo se correlacionó con la naturaleza del mismo. Los adultos toleraron más cerca del nido al tractor que a los estímulos de hombre a pie y jinete, lo cual sugiere discriminación entre estímulos. Los machos realizaron el doble de vuelos de ataque directo que las hembras. El éxito reproductivo no se correlacionó con la categoría de intensidad de defensa del nido manifestada ni con el tamaño de la postura de la pareja. Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural application/pdf Campomizzi, A. J., Morrison, M. L., Farrell, S. L., Wilkins, R. N., Drees, B. M. & Packard, J. M. (2009). Red imported fire ants can decrease songbird nest survival. Condor, 111, 534–537. Allen, C. R., Epperson, D. M. & Garmestani, A. S. (2004). Red imported fire ant impacts on wildlife: a decade of research. Am. Midl. Nat., 152, 88–103. Español Coleman, R. M., Gross, M. R. & Sargent, R. C. (1985). Parental investment decision rules: a test in Bluegill Sunfish, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol, 18, 59–66. Anderson, M., Wiklund, C. G. & Rundgren, H. (1980). Parental defense of offspring: a model and an example. Anim. Behav, 28, 536–542. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Lorena Cruz Bernate - 2020 Chandler, C. R. & Rose, R. (1988). Comparative analysis of the effects of visual and auditory stimuli on avian mobbing behaviour. J. Field Ornithol, 59, 269–277. Carrillo, J. & Aparicio, J. M. (2001). Nest defence behaviour of the Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) against human predators Ethology, 107, 865–875. Barash, D. P. (1975). Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior: distraction behavior of the Alpine accentor. Wilson Bull, 87, 367–373. Brunton, D. H. (1986). Fatal antipredator behavior of a Killdeer. Wilson Bull., 98, 605–607. Blancher, P. J. & Robertson, R. J. (1982). Kingbird aggression: does it deter predation? Anim. Behav., 30, 929–930. Biermann, G. C. & Robertson, R. J. (1983). Residual reproductive value and parental investment. Anim. Behav, 31, 311–312. Agresti, A. (2015). Foundations of Linear and Generalized Linear Models. New York: Wiley. Alcock, J. (1989). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach: Massachusetts: Sinauer Assocciates, INC. Nest defense behavior, predator recognition and breeding success in Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). Colombia The defense of the nest presents great inter and intraspecific variation often associated with differences in the social system or the type of threat. The Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is known for the vigorous nest defense against predators, however, this response can vary from silent flight with distraction maneuvers to the predator (passive defense), to strident flights of direct attack on predators (defense active). This study examines the relationship between the behavioral patterns of nest defense, nature of nearby stimuli, embryonic development and reproductive success of the Southern Lapwing in the wild in Colombia. Ringed and reproductively active pairs were submitted to three stimuli that represented potential threats to the nest (walking person, rider and tractor) and their behavioral responses were classified into different categories according to their intensity. The defense of the nest varied according to the stage of embryonic development of the chicks; with an early embryonic development, the defense was mainly passive and as the embryonic development advanced, the active defense was increased. The rider was the stimulus that triggered the greatest active defense while, before the walking person and the tractor, the response was mainly passive. The distance at which the birds left the nests on the approach of a stimulus correlated with the nature of the same. Adults tolerated the tractor closer to the nest than to the stimuli of walking person and rider, which suggests discrimination between stimuli. The males performed twice as direct attack flights as the females. Reproductive success was not correlated with the category of defense intensity of the manifested nest or with the clucht size. aggression predation embryonic development parental care southern lapwing Journal article 10.17151/bccm.2020.24.1.7 118 https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/download/330/261 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z 2020-01-01 103 0123-3068 2462-8190 https://doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2020.24.1.7 |
institution |
UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS |
thumbnail |
https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDECALDAS/logo.png |
country_str |
Colombia |
collection |
Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural |
title |
Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). |
spellingShingle |
Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). Cruz Bernate, Lorena pellar depredación desarrollo embrionario cuidado paternal Colombia alcaraván agresión Colombia aggression predation embryonic development parental care southern lapwing |
title_short |
Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). |
title_full |
Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). |
title_fullStr |
Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). |
title_full_unstemmed |
Comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). |
title_sort |
comportamiento de defensa de nido, discriminación de depredadores y éxito reproductivo de vanellus chilensis (aves : charadriidae). |
title_eng |
Nest defense behavior, predator recognition and breeding success in Vanellus Chilensis (aves : Charadriidae). |
description |
La defensa del nido presenta gran variación inter e intraespecífica, a menudo asociada a diferencias en el sistema social o al tipo de amenaza. El Pellar (Vanellus chilensis) es conocido por la defensa de nido vigorosa contra depredadores, sin embargo, esta respuesta puede variar desde huida en silencio con maniobras de distracción al depredador (defensa pasiva), hasta vuelos estridentes de ataque directo a depredadores (defensa activa). Este estudio examina la relación entre los patrones conductuales de defensa de nido, la naturaleza de los estímulos próximos, el desarrollo embrionario y el éxito reproductivo del Pellar en estado silvestre en Colombia. Se sometieron parejas marcadas y reproductivamente activas a tres estímulos que representaron amenazas potenciales para la nidada (hombre a pie, jinete y tractor) y sus respuestas conductuales se clasificaron en diferentes categorías según su intensidad. La defensa del nido varió según el estado de desarrollo embrionario de los polluelos; con un desarrollo embrionario temprano, la defensa fue principalmente pasiva y a medida que avanzó el desarrollo embrionario se incrementó la defensa activa. El jinete fue el estímulo que desencadenó la mayor defensa activa mientras que, ante el hombre a pie y el tractor, la respuesta fue principalmente pasiva. La distancia a la cual las aves abandonaron los nidos al aproximarse un estímulo se correlacionó con la naturaleza del mismo. Los adultos toleraron más cerca del nido al tractor que a los estímulos de hombre a pie y jinete, lo cual sugiere discriminación entre estímulos. Los machos realizaron el doble de vuelos de ataque directo que las hembras. El éxito reproductivo no se correlacionó con la categoría de intensidad de defensa del nido manifestada ni con el tamaño de la postura de la pareja.
|
description_eng |
The defense of the nest presents great inter and intraspecific variation often associated with differences in the social system or the type of threat. The Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is known for the vigorous nest defense against predators, however, this response can vary from silent flight with distraction maneuvers to the predator (passive defense), to strident flights of direct attack on predators (defense active). This study examines the relationship between the behavioral patterns of nest defense, nature of nearby stimuli, embryonic development and reproductive success of the Southern Lapwing in the wild in Colombia. Ringed and reproductively active pairs were submitted to three stimuli that represented potential threats to the nest (walking person, rider and tractor) and their behavioral responses were classified into different categories according to their intensity. The defense of the nest varied according to the stage of embryonic development of the chicks; with an early embryonic development, the defense was mainly passive and as the embryonic development advanced, the active defense was increased. The rider was the stimulus that triggered the greatest active defense while, before the walking person and the tractor, the response was mainly passive. The distance at which the birds left the nests on the approach of a stimulus correlated with the nature of the same. Adults tolerated the tractor closer to the nest than to the stimuli of walking person and rider, which suggests discrimination between stimuli. The males performed twice as direct attack flights as the females. Reproductive success was not correlated with the category of defense intensity of the manifested nest or with the clucht size.
|
author |
Cruz Bernate, Lorena |
author_facet |
Cruz Bernate, Lorena |
topicspa_str_mv |
pellar depredación desarrollo embrionario cuidado paternal Colombia alcaraván agresión |
topic |
pellar depredación desarrollo embrionario cuidado paternal Colombia alcaraván agresión Colombia aggression predation embryonic development parental care southern lapwing |
topic_facet |
pellar depredación desarrollo embrionario cuidado paternal Colombia alcaraván agresión Colombia aggression predation embryonic development parental care southern lapwing |
citationvolume |
24 |
citationissue |
1 |
citationedition |
Núm. 1 , Año 2020 : Enero - Junio |
publisher |
Boletín Científico |
ispartofjournal |
Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural |
source |
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/boletincientifico/article/view/330 |
language |
Español |
format |
Article |
rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Lorena Cruz Bernate - 2020 |
references |
Gehlbach, F. R. & Leverett, J. S. (1995). Mobbing of Eastern Screech Owls: predatory cues, risk to mobbers and degree of threat. Condor, 97, 831-834. Macedo, R. H., Karubian, J. & Webster, M. S. (2008). Extrapair paternity and sexual selection in socially monogamous birds: are tropical birds different? Auk, 125, 769–777. Lavery, R. J. & Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1990). Parental investment of a biparental cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, in relation to brood size and past investment. Anim. Behav, 40, 1128–1137. Kopachena, J.G., Buckley, A. J. & Potts, G. A. (2000). Effects of the red imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) on reproductive success of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) in northeast Texas. Southwest. Nat., 45, 477–482. Knight, R. & Temple, S. A. (1986). Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle? Auk, 103, 318–327. Kleindorfer, S., Fessl, B. & Hoi, H. (2005). Avian nest defence behaviour: assessment in relation to predator distance and type, and nest height. Anim. Behav., 69, 307–313. IDEAM. (2005). Datos Meteorológicos del Estación 26055070. Cali, Colombia: Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales. Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. (2001). Guía de las Aves de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: American Bird Conservancy. Gottfried, B. M. (1979). Anti-predator aggression in birds nesting in old field habitats: an experimental analysis. Condor, 81, 251–257. Greig-Smith, P. W. (1980). Parental investment in nest defence by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata). Anim. Behav, 28, 604–619. Griesser, M. & Ekman, J. (2005). Nepotistic mobbing behaviour in the Siberian Jay, Perisoreus infaustus. Anim. Behav. 69, 345–352. Gallegos, D. (1984). Aspectos de la biología reproductiva del Tero Común Vanellus chilensis (Gmelin). I: Comportamiento y territorialidad. Hornero, 12, 150–155. Myers, J. P. (1978). One deleterious effect of mobbing in the Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis). Auk, 95, 419–420. Galeotti, P., Tavecchia, G. & Bonetti, A. (2000). Parental defence in Long-eared owl Asio otus: effects of breeding stage, parent sex and human persecution. J. Avian Biol., 31, 431–440. Fridolfsson, A. & Ellegren, H. (1999). A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. J. Avian Biol, 30, 116–121. Flasskamp, A. (1994). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing. V. An experimental test of the ‘move on’ hypothesis. Ethology, 96, 322–333. Frankenberg, E. (1981). The adaptive significance of avian mobbing: IV. “Alerting others” and “perception advertisement” in blackbirds facing an owl. Z. Tierpsychol, 55, 97–118. Espinal, L. S. (1967). Apuntes sobre Ecología Colombiana. Cali, Colombia: Universidad del Valle. Ellegren, H. (1996). First gene on the avian W chromosome (CHD) provides a tag for universal sexing of non-ratite birds. Proc. R. Denson, R. D. (1979). Owl predation on a mobbing crow. Wilson Bull., 91, 133. Piersma, T. & Wiersma, P. (1996). Family Charadriidae (plovers). In J. del Hoyo., A. Elliot. & J. Sargatal. (Eds), Handboook of the birds of the world (pp. 384-442). Barcelona, España: Lynx edicions. Defisher, L. E. & Bonter, D. N. (2013). Effects of invasive European Fire Ants (Myrmica rubra) on Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) reproduction. Plos One, 8, e64185. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064185. Dawkins, R. & Brockmann, H. J. (1980). Do digger wasps commit the Concorde fallacy? Anim. Behav, 28, 892–896. Mena-Valenzuela, P. (2018). Comportamiento y reproducción de Vanellus chilensis (Charadriidae) en Imbabura, Ecuador. Biota Col., 19 (2), 105-116. Naranjo, L. G. (1991). Notes on reproduction of the Southern Lapwing in Colombia. Ornitol. Neotrop., 2, 95–96. Curio, E., Ernest, U. & Vieth, W. (1978). Cultural transmission of enemy recognition: one function of mobbing. Science, 202, 899–901. Webb, N. V. & Blumstein, D. T. (2005). Variation in human disturbance diferentially affects predation risk assessment in Western Gulls. Condor, 107, 178–181. Zar, J. H. (2010). Biostatistical Analysis. Ciudad: Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River. Wittenberg, J. F. (1981). Animal Social Behavior. Belmont: Wadsworth, INC. Wilcoxen, T. E. & Rensel, M. A. (2009). Invasive Fire Ants depredate nest of Florida Scrub-Jay. Wilson J. Ornithol., 121, 846–847. Walters, J. R. (1990). Anti-depredatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities. Wilson Bull, 102, 49–70. Parish, M. B. & Coulson, J. C. (1998). Parental investment, reproductive success and polygyny in the lapwing, Vanellus vanellus. Anim. Behav., 56, 1161–1167. Walters, J. R. (1982). Parental behavior in Lapwings (Charadriidae) and its relationships with clutch sizes and mating systems. Evolution, 36, 1030–1040. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell. (Ed), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). Chicago, United States of America: Aldine Publishing Company. Sordahl, T. A. (1990). The risks of avian mobbing and distraction behavior: an anecdotal review. Wilson Bull., 102, 349–352. Shields, W. M. (1984). Barn Swallow mobbing: self-defence, collateral kin defence, or parental care?. Anim. Behav, 32, 132–148. Saracura, V., Macedo, R. H. & Blomqvist, D. (2008). Genetic parentage and variable social structure in breeding Southern Lapwings. Condor, 110, 554-558. Santos, E. S. A. (2009). Biologia reproductive de Vanellus chilensis (Aves: Charadriidae): Porque reproduzir em grupo? [dissertação de mestrado]. Universidad de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil. Royle, N. J., Smiseth, P. T. & Kölliker, M. (2012). The Evolution of Parental Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ridlehuber, K. T. (1982). Fire ant predation on Wood Duck ducklings and pipped eggs. Southwest. Nat., 27, 222. RCORE TEAM. (2018). A language and environment for statistical computing. Recovered from http://www.Rproject.org. Pavel, V. & Bures, S. (2001). Offspring age and nest defence: test of the feedback hypothesis in the meadow pipit. Anim. Behav., 61, 297–303. Davies, N. B., Krebs, J. R. & West, S. A. (2012). An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Cully, J. F. JR. & Ligon, J. D. (1976). Comparative mobbing behavior of Scrub and Mexican Jays. Auk, 93, 116–125. Cruz-Bernate, L., Riascos, Y. & Barreto, G. (2013). Dimorfismo sexual y determinación del sexo con DNA en el Pellar Común (Vanellus chilensis). Ornitol. Neotrop., 24, 433–444. Campomizzi, A. J., Morrison, M. L., Farrell, S. L., Wilkins, R. N., Drees, B. M. & Packard, J. M. (2009). Red imported fire ants can decrease songbird nest survival. Condor, 111, 534–537. Allen, C. R., Epperson, D. M. & Garmestani, A. S. (2004). Red imported fire ant impacts on wildlife: a decade of research. Am. Midl. Nat., 152, 88–103. Coleman, R. 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