Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia

Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia

Diversos estudios han encontrado que la legitimidad de la policía proviene de la justicia que perciben las personas cuando este organismo ejerce sus poderes (justicia procedimental), lo cual, a su turno, produce ciudadanos más dispuestos a cumplir la ley y a cooperar con la policía. Algunos investigadores también han observado que el contexto social y político (solidez del orden social) influye en la legitimidad de la policía. Sin embargo, estos debates han sido ignorados en Colombia. En este artículo apelo a información de una encuesta realizada en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali para examinar las asociaciones entre justicia procedimental y solidez del orden social, de un lado, y legitimidad de la policía, de otro lado. Mis hallazgos sugieren que... Ver más

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Revista Derecho del Estado

0122-9893

2346-2051

Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

10.18601/01229893.n47.07

2020-08-20

215

253

Colombia

Colombia

solidez del orden social;

contactos con la policía;

justicia procedimental;

Legitimidad de la policía;

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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Sebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020

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Marenin, O. Parking tickets and class repression: The concept of policing in critical theories of criminal justice. In Contemporary Crises. 6(3), 1982, 241-266.
Seale, C. The Quality of Qualitative Research. Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. London: Sage Publications, 1999.
Ruiz-Vásquez, J. C. & Páez, K. Balance de estrategias de seguridad para zonas críticas en Bogotá y Medellín. In urvio. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad. 19, 2016, 53-69.
Rowntree, D. Statistics without Tears. A Primer for Non-mathematicians. Middlesex: Penguin, 1981.
Reiner, R. The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Ramírez, A. Los Hot Spots: una estrategia fallida para Bogotá. In Desafíos. 28(2), 2016, 255-296.
Punch, M. Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam’s Warmoesstraat. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Bachman, R. & Sherman, L. Do fair procedures matter? The effect of procedural justice on spouse assault. In Law and Society Review. 31(1), 1997, 163-204.
Obasogie, O. Do blind people see race? Social, legal, and theoretical considerations. In Law & Society Review. 44(3-4), 2010, 585-616.
Menard, S. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series No. 07-106. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage, 2002.
MacQueen, S. & Bradford, B. Enhancing public trust and police legitimacy during road traffic encounters: Results from a randomised controlled trial in Scotland. In Journal of Experimental Criminology. 11(3), 2015, 419-443.
Sparrow, M. K. Measuring performance in a modern police organization. In New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin. 2015, 1-37.
Luker, K. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences: Research in an Age of Info-glut. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
La Rota, M. E., Lalinde, S., Santa, S. & Uprimny, R. Ante la justicia: necesidades jurídicas y acceso a la justicia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2014.
Lapop. Americas Barometer, 2014. Sample Design. 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2014/AB-2014-Tech-Info-Updated_092116-W.pdf
Lam, Y. & Ávila-Ceball os, C. Orden público y perfiles raciales: experiencias de afrocolombianos con la policía en Cali. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2013.
Lalinde, S. Elogio a la bulla. Protesta y democracia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2019.
Lalinde, S. Los positivos no tan positivos de la Policía. In Semana. Bogotá. September 15, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.semana.com/opinion/articulo/sebastian-lalindelas-metas-que-los-policias-deben-cumplir-hace-que-cometan-arbitrariedades/442609-3
Lalinde, S. Requisas, ¿a discreción? Una tensión entre seguridad e intimidad. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2015.
Kalt on, G. Introduction to Survey Sampling. Newbury Park, CA : Sage, 1983.
Jones, T. The accountability of policing. In Newburn, T. (ed.). Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Jerolm ack, C. & Khan, S. Talk is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Fallacy. In Sociological Methods & Research. 43(2), 2014, 178-209.
Small , M. ‘How many cases do I need?’ On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. In Ethnography. 10(1), 2009, 5-38.
Tankebe, J. Public cooperation with the police in Ghana: Does procedural fairness matter? In Criminology. 47(4), 2009, 1265-1293.
García-Sánchez, M., Rodríguez-Raga, J. C., Seligson, M. A. & Zechmeister, E. J. Cultura política de la democracia en Colombia, 2014. Dilemas de la democracia y desconfianza institucional en el marco del proceso de paz. Bogotá: usaid, 2015.
Wilkinson, R. & Pickett , K. The Spirit Level. Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Penguin, 2010.
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World Values Survey. World Values Survey Wave 6: 2010-2014. 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvsonline.jsp
World Justice Project. Rule of Law Index 2017-2018. Washington, D.C.: World Justice Project, 2018.
Westm arland, L. Police cultures. In Newburn, T. (ed.), Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Tyler, T. Social Justice: Outcome and procedure. In International Journal of Psychology. 35(2), 2000, 117-125.
Weber, M. Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 1978.
Vill adiego, C. & Lalinde, S. Sistema de justicia territorial para la paz. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2017.
Valencia, L. & Ávila, A. Los retos del postconflicto. Justicia, seguridad y mercados ilegales. Bogotá: Ediciones B, 2016.
Uprimny, R., Vill adiego, C., Duarte, N., Lalinde, S. & Sandoval, J. Programa de mediación policial piloto en Soacha y Chapinero. Unpublished. Dejusticia, 2016.
UNODC. Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data. Vienna: United Nations Publication, Sales No. 14.iv.1, 2013.
Tyler, T., Jackson, J. & Mentovich, A. The consequences of being an object of suspicion: Potential pitfalls of proactive police contact. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 12(4), 2015, 602-636.
Tyler, T. & Jackson, J. Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. In Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 20(1), 2014, 78-95.
Tyler, T., Fagan, J. & Gell er, A. Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable moments in young urban men’s legal socialization. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 11(4), 2014, 751-785.
Tyler, T. Enhancing police legitimacy. In The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 593(1), 2004, 84-99.
Tyler, T. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. In Crime and Justice. 30, 2003, 283-357.
Hinton, M. S. The State on the Streets: Police and Politics in Argentina and Brazil. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
Harkin, D. Police legitimacy, ideology and qualitative methods: A critique of procedural justice theory. In Criminology & Criminal Justice. 15(5), 2015, 594-612.
Gall up Colombia. Gallup Poll #125. Bogotá, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.elpais.com.co/especiales/encuesta-gallup-125-junio-2018.pdf
Núm. 47 , Año 2020 : Septiembre-Diciembre
Revista Derecho del Estado
Gall ón, G. Fuerza pública y Constitución de 1991. In El debate a la Constitución. Bogotá: Ilsa, 2002.
text/html
application/xml
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Artículo de revista
47
Español
Colombia
solidez del orden social;
contactos con la policía;
justicia procedimental;
Legitimidad de la policía;
Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
Diversos estudios han encontrado que la legitimidad de la policía proviene de la justicia que perciben las personas cuando este organismo ejerce sus poderes (justicia procedimental), lo cual, a su turno, produce ciudadanos más dispuestos a cumplir la ley y a cooperar con la policía. Algunos investigadores también han observado que el contexto social y político (solidez del orden social) influye en la legitimidad de la policía. Sin embargo, estos debates han sido ignorados en Colombia. En este artículo apelo a información de una encuesta realizada en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali para examinar las asociaciones entre justicia procedimental y solidez del orden social, de un lado, y legitimidad de la policía, de otro lado. Mis hallazgos sugieren que los sujetos encuestados que experimentaron un contacto involuntario con la policía, es decir, un contacto iniciado por los agentes—no por las personas encuestadas—, en el que sintieron que sus derechos fueron respetados, son más proclives a valorar positivamente los servicios de la policía y la efectividad de esta institución en la lucha contra el crimen. Por el contrario, no encuentro evidencia de asociaciones entre solidez del orden social y legitimidad de la policía.
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/6765
Departamento de Derecho Constitucional
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Body-Gendrot, S. Globalization, Fear and Security: The Challenges for Cities North and South. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2012.
Foucault , M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House, 1977.
cinep. Noche y Niebla, 54(2). Bogotá: Codice, 2017.
Cámara De Comercio De Bogotá. Encuesta de Percepción y Victimización en Bogotá. Bogota, 2017. Retrieved from: http://bibliotecadigital.ccb.org.co/bitstream/handle/11520/19393/Presentaci%C3%B3n%20Encuesta%20de%20Percepci%C3%B3n%20y%20Victimizaci%C3%B3n%20I%20semestre%20de%202017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Bryman, A. Social Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Brunton-Smith, I., Jackson, J. & Sutherland, A. Bridging structure and perception. On the neighbourhood ecology of beliefs and worries about violent crime. In British Journal of Criminology. 54(4), 2014, 503-526.
Brodeur, J. P. The Policing Web. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Sebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020
Bradford, B., Huq, A., Jackson, J. & Roberts, B. What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa. In Regulation & Governance. 8(2), 2014, 246-268.
Bradford, B., Jackson, J. & Hough, M. Police legitimacy in action: Lessons for theory and practice. In Reisig, M. & Kane, R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Bennett , A. Subcultures or neo-tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth, style and musical taste. In Sociology. 33(3), 1999, 599-617.
Beetham, D. The Legitimation of Power. Hampshire: Palgrave, 1991.
Acero, H. Policías y vigilantes privados. In El Tiempo. Bogotá. April 22, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.eltiempo.com/opinion/columnistas/hugo-acero-velasquez/policiasy-vigilantes-privados-208018
Aguilera, M. Contrapoder y justicia guerrillera: fragmentación política y orden insurgente en Colombia (1952-2003). Bogota: iepri, 2014.
Publication
Journal article
Colombia
Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
Several studies have found that police legitimacy stems from the perceived fairness whereby the police exercise their powers (procedural justice) which, in turn, yields more law-abiding and cooperative citizens. Some scholars have also argued in favour of the influence of the wider social and political context (strength of social order) on police legitimacy. However, these debates have been largely neglected in Colombia. I used survey data from Bogota, Medellin and Cali to examine the associations between procedural justice and strength of social order, on the one hand, and police legitimacy, on the other hand. My findings suggest that respondents who experienced an involuntary contact with the police, where they perceived that their rights were respected, are more likely to assess positively both police services during public-initiated contacts and police effectiveness in controlling crime. I did not find evidence of associations between strength of social order and police legitimacy.
Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n47.07
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/6765/9783
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https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/6765/9675
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/6765/9185
2020-08-20
215
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253
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institution UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEXTERNADODECOLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Revista Derecho del Estado
title Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
spellingShingle Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
Colombia
solidez del orden social;
contactos con la policía;
justicia procedimental;
Legitimidad de la policía;
Colombia
Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
title_short Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_full Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_fullStr Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_full_unstemmed Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_sort impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: evidence from colombia
title_eng Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
description Diversos estudios han encontrado que la legitimidad de la policía proviene de la justicia que perciben las personas cuando este organismo ejerce sus poderes (justicia procedimental), lo cual, a su turno, produce ciudadanos más dispuestos a cumplir la ley y a cooperar con la policía. Algunos investigadores también han observado que el contexto social y político (solidez del orden social) influye en la legitimidad de la policía. Sin embargo, estos debates han sido ignorados en Colombia. En este artículo apelo a información de una encuesta realizada en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali para examinar las asociaciones entre justicia procedimental y solidez del orden social, de un lado, y legitimidad de la policía, de otro lado. Mis hallazgos sugieren que los sujetos encuestados que experimentaron un contacto involuntario con la policía, es decir, un contacto iniciado por los agentes—no por las personas encuestadas—, en el que sintieron que sus derechos fueron respetados, son más proclives a valorar positivamente los servicios de la policía y la efectividad de esta institución en la lucha contra el crimen. Por el contrario, no encuentro evidencia de asociaciones entre solidez del orden social y legitimidad de la policía.
description_eng Several studies have found that police legitimacy stems from the perceived fairness whereby the police exercise their powers (procedural justice) which, in turn, yields more law-abiding and cooperative citizens. Some scholars have also argued in favour of the influence of the wider social and political context (strength of social order) on police legitimacy. However, these debates have been largely neglected in Colombia. I used survey data from Bogota, Medellin and Cali to examine the associations between procedural justice and strength of social order, on the one hand, and police legitimacy, on the other hand. My findings suggest that respondents who experienced an involuntary contact with the police, where they perceived that their rights were respected, are more likely to assess positively both police services during public-initiated contacts and police effectiveness in controlling crime. I did not find evidence of associations between strength of social order and police legitimacy.
author Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
author_facet Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
topicspa_str_mv Colombia
solidez del orden social;
contactos con la policía;
justicia procedimental;
Legitimidad de la policía;
topic Colombia
solidez del orden social;
contactos con la policía;
justicia procedimental;
Legitimidad de la policía;
Colombia
Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
topic_facet Colombia
solidez del orden social;
contactos con la policía;
justicia procedimental;
Legitimidad de la policía;
Colombia
Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
citationissue 47
citationedition Núm. 47 , Año 2020 : Septiembre-Diciembre
publisher Departamento de Derecho Constitucional
ispartofjournal Revista Derecho del Estado
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/6765
language Español
format Article
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Sebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020
references Marenin, O. Parking tickets and class repression: The concept of policing in critical theories of criminal justice. In Contemporary Crises. 6(3), 1982, 241-266.
Seale, C. The Quality of Qualitative Research. Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. London: Sage Publications, 1999.
Ruiz-Vásquez, J. C. & Páez, K. Balance de estrategias de seguridad para zonas críticas en Bogotá y Medellín. In urvio. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad. 19, 2016, 53-69.
Rowntree, D. Statistics without Tears. A Primer for Non-mathematicians. Middlesex: Penguin, 1981.
Reiner, R. The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Ramírez, A. Los Hot Spots: una estrategia fallida para Bogotá. In Desafíos. 28(2), 2016, 255-296.
Punch, M. Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam’s Warmoesstraat. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Bachman, R. & Sherman, L. Do fair procedures matter? The effect of procedural justice on spouse assault. In Law and Society Review. 31(1), 1997, 163-204.
Obasogie, O. Do blind people see race? Social, legal, and theoretical considerations. In Law & Society Review. 44(3-4), 2010, 585-616.
Menard, S. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series No. 07-106. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage, 2002.
MacQueen, S. & Bradford, B. Enhancing public trust and police legitimacy during road traffic encounters: Results from a randomised controlled trial in Scotland. In Journal of Experimental Criminology. 11(3), 2015, 419-443.
Sparrow, M. K. Measuring performance in a modern police organization. In New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin. 2015, 1-37.
Luker, K. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences: Research in an Age of Info-glut. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
La Rota, M. E., Lalinde, S., Santa, S. & Uprimny, R. Ante la justicia: necesidades jurídicas y acceso a la justicia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2014.
Lapop. Americas Barometer, 2014. Sample Design. 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2014/AB-2014-Tech-Info-Updated_092116-W.pdf
Lam, Y. & Ávila-Ceball os, C. Orden público y perfiles raciales: experiencias de afrocolombianos con la policía en Cali. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2013.
Lalinde, S. Elogio a la bulla. Protesta y democracia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2019.
Lalinde, S. Los positivos no tan positivos de la Policía. In Semana. Bogotá. September 15, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.semana.com/opinion/articulo/sebastian-lalindelas-metas-que-los-policias-deben-cumplir-hace-que-cometan-arbitrariedades/442609-3
Lalinde, S. Requisas, ¿a discreción? Una tensión entre seguridad e intimidad. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2015.
Kalt on, G. Introduction to Survey Sampling. Newbury Park, CA : Sage, 1983.
Jones, T. The accountability of policing. In Newburn, T. (ed.). Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Jerolm ack, C. & Khan, S. Talk is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Fallacy. In Sociological Methods & Research. 43(2), 2014, 178-209.
Small , M. ‘How many cases do I need?’ On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. In Ethnography. 10(1), 2009, 5-38.
Tankebe, J. Public cooperation with the police in Ghana: Does procedural fairness matter? In Criminology. 47(4), 2009, 1265-1293.
García-Sánchez, M., Rodríguez-Raga, J. C., Seligson, M. A. & Zechmeister, E. J. Cultura política de la democracia en Colombia, 2014. Dilemas de la democracia y desconfianza institucional en el marco del proceso de paz. Bogotá: usaid, 2015.
Wilkinson, R. & Pickett , K. The Spirit Level. Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Penguin, 2010.
World Values Survey. World Values Survey Wave 6: 2010-2014. 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvsonline.jsp
World Justice Project. Rule of Law Index 2017-2018. Washington, D.C.: World Justice Project, 2018.
Westm arland, L. Police cultures. In Newburn, T. (ed.), Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Tyler, T. Social Justice: Outcome and procedure. In International Journal of Psychology. 35(2), 2000, 117-125.
Weber, M. Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 1978.
Vill adiego, C. & Lalinde, S. Sistema de justicia territorial para la paz. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2017.
Valencia, L. & Ávila, A. Los retos del postconflicto. Justicia, seguridad y mercados ilegales. Bogotá: Ediciones B, 2016.
Uprimny, R., Vill adiego, C., Duarte, N., Lalinde, S. & Sandoval, J. Programa de mediación policial piloto en Soacha y Chapinero. Unpublished. Dejusticia, 2016.
UNODC. Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data. Vienna: United Nations Publication, Sales No. 14.iv.1, 2013.
Tyler, T., Jackson, J. & Mentovich, A. The consequences of being an object of suspicion: Potential pitfalls of proactive police contact. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 12(4), 2015, 602-636.
Tyler, T. & Jackson, J. Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. In Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 20(1), 2014, 78-95.
Tyler, T., Fagan, J. & Gell er, A. Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable moments in young urban men’s legal socialization. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 11(4), 2014, 751-785.
Tyler, T. Enhancing police legitimacy. In The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 593(1), 2004, 84-99.
Tyler, T. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. In Crime and Justice. 30, 2003, 283-357.
Hinton, M. S. The State on the Streets: Police and Politics in Argentina and Brazil. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
Harkin, D. Police legitimacy, ideology and qualitative methods: A critique of procedural justice theory. In Criminology & Criminal Justice. 15(5), 2015, 594-612.
Gall up Colombia. Gallup Poll #125. Bogotá, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.elpais.com.co/especiales/encuesta-gallup-125-junio-2018.pdf
Gall ón, G. Fuerza pública y Constitución de 1991. In El debate a la Constitución. Bogotá: Ilsa, 2002.
Body-Gendrot, S. Globalization, Fear and Security: The Challenges for Cities North and South. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2012.
Foucault , M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House, 1977.
cinep. Noche y Niebla, 54(2). Bogotá: Codice, 2017.
Cámara De Comercio De Bogotá. Encuesta de Percepción y Victimización en Bogotá. Bogota, 2017. Retrieved from: http://bibliotecadigital.ccb.org.co/bitstream/handle/11520/19393/Presentaci%C3%B3n%20Encuesta%20de%20Percepci%C3%B3n%20y%20Victimizaci%C3%B3n%20I%20semestre%20de%202017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Bryman, A. Social Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Brunton-Smith, I., Jackson, J. & Sutherland, A. Bridging structure and perception. On the neighbourhood ecology of beliefs and worries about violent crime. In British Journal of Criminology. 54(4), 2014, 503-526.
Brodeur, J. P. The Policing Web. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Bradford, B., Huq, A., Jackson, J. & Roberts, B. What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa. In Regulation & Governance. 8(2), 2014, 246-268.
Bradford, B., Jackson, J. & Hough, M. Police legitimacy in action: Lessons for theory and practice. In Reisig, M. & Kane, R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Bennett , A. Subcultures or neo-tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth, style and musical taste. In Sociology. 33(3), 1999, 599-617.
Beetham, D. The Legitimation of Power. Hampshire: Palgrave, 1991.
Acero, H. Policías y vigilantes privados. In El Tiempo. Bogotá. April 22, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.eltiempo.com/opinion/columnistas/hugo-acero-velasquez/policiasy-vigilantes-privados-208018
Aguilera, M. Contrapoder y justicia guerrillera: fragmentación política y orden insurgente en Colombia (1952-2003). Bogota: iepri, 2014.
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