Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú
El objetivo de la investigación es identificar los principales determinantes de la inclusión financiera en el Perú a nivel departamental (sin Lima) de 2010 a 2017, con el fin de analizar los desafíos que enfrentan las políticas de inclusión financiera. Se usó un método GMM de dos etapas para estimar un modelo de datos de panel, donde la variable endógena es el índice de inclusión financiera de Sarma (2008). Los resultadosindican que la concentración bancaria es la principal variable que afecta la inclusión financiera. Al mismo tiempo, aunque el efecto de la tecnología es positivo, está disminuyendo con el tiempo debido al despliegue ineficiente de dicha tecnología y, en muchos casos, a una falta de conocimiento de cómo usarla, especialmente... Ver más
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Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú Inclusión financiera Artículo de revista 1 12 Concentración bancaria Exclusión financiera Educación financiera Universidad Católica de Colombia Pobreza Boitano, Guillermo Abanto Aranda, Deyvi Franco El objetivo de la investigación es identificar los principales determinantes de la inclusión financiera en el Perú a nivel departamental (sin Lima) de 2010 a 2017, con el fin de analizar los desafíos que enfrentan las políticas de inclusión financiera. Se usó un método GMM de dos etapas para estimar un modelo de datos de panel, donde la variable endógena es el índice de inclusión financiera de Sarma (2008). Los resultadosindican que la concentración bancaria es la principal variable que afecta la inclusión financiera. Al mismo tiempo, aunque el efecto de la tecnología es positivo, está disminuyendo con el tiempo debido al despliegue ineficiente de dicha tecnología y, en muchos casos, a una falta de conocimiento de cómo usarla, especialmente en las zonas remotas del Perú. Revista Finanzas y Política Económica Park, C.-Y., & Mercado, R. (2018). Financial Inclusion, Poverty, And Income Inequality. The Singapore Economic Review, 63(01), 185-206. Pizarro Aranguren, L., & Caballero Muñiz, R. (2009). Acceso al sistema financiero y banca concentrada: ¿sacrificando corderos por leones? IUS ET VERITAS, 19(38), 96-109. Rajeev, M., & Vani, B. (2017). Financial Access of the Urban Poor in India. A Story of Exclusion. New Delhi: Springer India. Sarma, M. (2008). Index of financial inclusion. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, Working Paper No 215. Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial Inclusion and Development. Journal of International and Development, 23(5), 613-628. Sharma, D. (2016). Nexus between financial inclusion and economic growth: Evidence from the emerging Indian economy, Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 8(1), 13-36. Ozili, P. (2018). Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340. Owen, L., & Pereira, J. (2016). Bank Concentration, Competition, and Financial Inclusion (September 8, 2016). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2836521. Neaime, S., & Gaysset, I. (2018). Financial inclusion and stability in MENA: Evidence from poverty and inequality. Finance Research Letters, 24, 230-237. Mushtaq, R., & Bruneau, C. (2019). Microfinance, financial inclusion and ICT: Implications for poverty and inequality. Technology in Society, 59. Kumar, A., Pal, R., & Pal, R. (2018). Usage of formal financial services in India: Demand barriers or supply constraints? Economic Modelling, 80(1), 244-259. Ministerio de Educación. (2020). Estadísticas de la calidad Educativa. Lima: MINEDU. http://escale.minedu.gob.pe/tendencias Ministerio de la Producción (PRODUCE). (2020). Estadística MIPYME. Lima: PRODUCE. http://ogeiee.produce.gob.pe/index.php/shortcode/estadistica-oee/estadisticas-mipyme Mas, I., & Almazán, M. (2011). Banking the Poor through Everyday Stores. Innovations, 6(1), 119-128. Mader, P. (2017). Contesting financial inclusion. Development and Change, 49(2), 461-483. Lopez, T., & Winkler, A. (2017). The challenge of rural financial inclusion – evidence from microfinance. Applied Economics, 50(14), 1555-1577. Léon, F., & Zins, A. (2020). Regional foreign banks and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa. Economic Modelling, 84, 102-116. Seng, K. (2019). The Poverty-Reducing Effects of Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Cambodia. MPRA Paper 95726. Kumar, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and its determinants: evidence from India. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 5(1), 4-19. Kodan, A., & Chhikara, K. (2013). A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis of Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth. Management and Labour Studies, 38(1-2), 103-133. Klein, M., & Mayer, C. 2011. Mobile banking and financial inclusion: The regulatory lessons. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 5664. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Kim, J. H. (2016). A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 498-512. Karpowicz, I. (2016). Financial Inclusion, Growth and Inequality: A Model Application to Colombia. Journal of Banking and Financial Economics, 2(6), 68-89. Kabakova, O., & Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion: Ecosystem view. Journal of Business Research, 89(C), 198-205. Schmied, J., & Marr, A. (2016). Financial inclusion and poverty: The case of Peru. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 16(2), 29-43. Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP (SBS). (2019). Información Estadística de Banca Múltiple. Lima: SBS. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/app/stats/EstadisticaBoletinEstadistico.asp?p=1 Shihadeh, H., Hannon, A., Guan, J., Haq, I., & Wang, X. (2018). Does financial inclusion improve the banks’ performance? Evidence from Jordan. In J. W. Kensinger (Ed.), Global tensions in financial markets (pp. 117-138), Bradford: Emerald Publishing Limited. Wentzel, J. P., Diatha, K. S., & Yadavalli, V. S. S. (2016). An investigation into factors impacting financial exclusion at the bottom of the pyramid in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 33(2), 1-12. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article World Bank. (2019). Financial Inclusion on the Rise, But Gaps Remain, Global Findex Database Shows. World Bank: Washington D. C. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/press-release/2018/04/19/financial-inclusion-on-the-rise-but-gaps-remain-global-findex-database-shows. World Bank. (2000). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Washington: Oxford University Press. Wang’oo, E. (2008). The relationship between financial inclusion and economic development in Kenya. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/63345 Sinja, B., Cull, R., Gine, X., Sven, H., & Heitmann, S. (2018). Banking with Agents: Experimental Evidence from Senegal (April 19, 2018). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8417. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3165809 Wang, X., & Guan, J. (2017). Financial inclusion: measurement, spatial effects and influencing factors. Applied Economics, 49(18), 1-12. Zins, A., & Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6(1), 46-57. Vega, M. (2017). Retail payments innovations in Peru: Modelo Peru and financial inclusion. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 10(4), 343-351. Thoene, U., & Turriago-Hoyos, A. (2017). Financial inclusion in Colombia: A scoping literature review. Intagible Capital, 13(3), 582-614. Talledo, J. (2015). Access to and use of financial services: evidence from Peru. Journal of Financial Issues SBS, 11(1), 1-49. Iqbal, B. A., & Sami, S. (2017). Role of banks in financial inclusion in India. Contaduría y Administración, 62(2), 644-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cya.2017.01.007 Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP (SBS). (2017). Perú: indicadores de inclusión financiera de los sistemas financiero, de seguros y de pensiones. Lima: SBS. https://intranet2.sbs.gob.pe/estadistica/financiera/2017/Diciembre/CIIF-0001-di2017.PDF Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP (SBS). (2014). Perú: indicadores de inclusión financiera de los sistemas financiero, de seguros y de pensiones. Lima: SBS. https://intranet2.sbs.gob.pe/estadistica/financiera/2014/Diciembre/CIIF-0001-di2014.PDF Stiglitz, J. E., & Weiss, A. (1981). Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information. The American Economic Review, 71(3), 393-410 Soumaré, I., Tchana, F., & Kengne, T. (2016). Analysis of the determinants of financial inclusion in Central and West Africa. Transnational Corporations Review, 8(4), 231-249. Sotomayor, N., Talledo, J., & Wong, S. (2018). Determinants of financial inclusion in Peru: Recent Evidence from the Demand Side. DT/06, Lima: SBS. Jaramillo, M., C. Aparicio, & B. Cevallos. (2013). Qué factores explican las diferencias en el acceso al sistema financiero?: evidencia a nivel de hogares en el Perú. Documento de Trabajo/03/2018, Lima: SBS. Hannig, A., & Jansen, S. (2010). Financial Inclusion and Financial Stability: Current Policy Issues. ADBI Working Paper 259. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156114/adbi-wp259.pdf. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2016). Role of Finance in Driving Formalization of Informal Enterprises. Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_533200.pdf. https://revfinypolecon.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/3177 Anzoategui, D., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Martínez, M. (2014). Remittances and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from El Salvador. World Development, 54(C), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.006 Allen, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Martinez, M. (2016). The foundations of financial inclusion: understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 1-30. Alfageme, A., & Ramírez-Rondán, N. (2016). Acceso a servicios financieros de los hogares en el Perú. Working Papers 2016-015. Lima: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (2018c). Analfabetismo y alfabetismo. INEI: Lima. https://www1.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/indice-tematico/analfabetismo-y-alfabetismo-8036/ Agarwal, A. (2010). Financial Deepening, Financial Inclusion: Challenges and Opportunities. The 23rd Skoch Summit. Aduda, J., & Kalunda, E. (2012). Financial Inclusion and Financial Sector Stability with Reference to Kenya: A Review of Literature. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 2(6), 95-120. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Inglés text/xml Aparicio, C., Huayta, K., & Bohórquez, D. (2016). Access to Financial Services through Retail Agents and Household Expenditures: Evidence from Peru. Journal of Financial Issues SBS, 12(1), 1-26. text/html application/pdf Journal article Bank concentration Financial exclusion Financial education Poverty Financial inclusion The purpose of the research is to identify the main determinants of financial inclusion in Peru at the department level (without Lima) from 2010 to 2017, aiming to analyze the challenges faced by financial inclusion policies. A twostage GMM method was used to estimate a panel data model where the endogenous variable is Sarma’s financial inclusion index (2008). The results indicate that bank concentration is the main variable affecting financial inclusion. At the same time, although the effect of technology is positive, it is diminishing over time due to the inefficient deployment of such technology and, in many cases, a lack of knowledge on how to use it, especially in the remote areas of Peru. Aparicio, C., & Huayta, K., (2015). Using electronic money through the mobile phone as the key instrument to improve financial inclusion in Peru: A set of recommendations to generate the desired outputs. DT/02, Lima: SBS. Akileng, G., Lawino, G. M., & Nzibonera, E. (2018). Evaluation of determinants of financial inclusion in Uganda. Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 8(4), 47-66. http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JAFB%2FVol%208_4_4.pdf Ardic, O. P., Heimann, M., & Mylenko, N. (2011). Access to financial services and the financial inclusion agenda around the world: a cross-country analysis with a new data set. Policy Research working paper, WPS 5537. Washington, DC: World Bank. Chauvet, L., & Jacolin, L. (2017). Financial Inclusion, Bank Concentration, and Firm Performance. World Development, 97(C), 1-13. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (2018b). Telecomunicaciones. INEI: Lima. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1483/cap21/cap21.htm Instituto Nacional de Estadística e informática (2018a). Evolución de la pobreza monetaria 2007-2017. INEI: Lima. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/cifras_de_pobreza/informe_tecnico_pobreza_monetaria_2007-2017.pdf Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). (2019). Principales indicadores macroeconómicos. Lima: INEI. https://www.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/indice-tematico/producto-bruto-interno-por-departamentos-9089/. Challenges of financial inclusion policies in Peru Ghosh, M., & Dixit, R. (2014). Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth of India a Study of Indian States. International Journal of Business Management and Research, 3(1), 147-156. García, N., Grifoni, A., López, J. C., & Mejía, M. (2013). La educación financiera en América Latina y el Caribe. Situación actual y perspectivas. Serie Políticas Públicas y Transformación Productiva, 12, Caracas: CAF. http://scioteca.caf.com/ handle/123456789/379 Fernández, S., Llanes, M., López-Moctezuma, C., Rojas, J., & Tuesta, D. (2014). Inclusión financiera y el papel de la banca móvil en Colombia: desarrollos y potencialidades. Documento de Trabajo, Nº 14/01, Madrid: BBVA Research. Dupas, P., Karlan, D., Robinson, J., & Ubfal, D. (2018). Banking the Unbanked? Evidence from Three Countries. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(2), 257-97. Diniz, E., Birochi, R., & Pozzebon, M. (2011). Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county. Electronic Comerce Research and Applications, 11(5), 484-494. Banco de Crédito del Perú (BCP). (2014). Reporte anual 2014. BCP: Lima. https://ww3.viabcp.com/Connect/ViaBCP%202017/Personas/Relaciones%20con%20Inversionistas/Informaci%C3%B3n%20financiera/Memoria%20BCP%202014.pdf Devlin, J. (2009). An analysis of influences on total financial exclusion. Service Industries Journal, 29(8), 1021-1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060902764160 Publication Banerjee, A., & Newman, A. (1993). Occupational Choice and the Process of Development. Journal of Political Economy, 101(2), 274-98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2138820 Banerjee, A., Breza, E., Duflo, E., & Kinnan, C. (2019). Can Microfinance Unlock a Poverty Trap for Some Entrepreneurs? NBER Working paper No. w26346. Chandwani, R., & Kulkarni, V. (2018). Role of Intermediaries in Providing Financial Access: Current and Future Research Trends. In Dwivedi Y. et al. (eds). Emerging Markets from a Multidisciplinary Perspective (pp. 27-35), Springer, Cham. Chakrabarty, K. (2011). Financial Inclusion and Banks: Issues and Perspectives. Address at the FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry) – UNDP (The United Nations Development Programme) Seminar on “Financial Inclusion: Partnership between Banks, MFIs and Communities”, New Delhi, 14 October 2011. Beck, T. (2016). Financial Inclusion: Measuring progress in measuring. Paper presented at the 4th IMF Statistical Forum: Lifting the Small Boats: Statistics for Inclusive Growth. Nov. 17-18, 2016, Washington, D.C. Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2007). Finance, inequality and the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9010-6 Bogdan, B., & Totan, L. (2013). Econometric modeling of banking exclusion. Romanian Statistical Review, 61(3), 50-54. Burgess, R., & Pande, R. (2005). Do Rural Banks Matter? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment. American Economic Review, 95(3), 780-795. https://doi.org/ 10.1257/0002828054201242 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z 117 10.14718/revfinanzpolitecon.v12.n1.2020.3177 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://doi.org/10.14718/revfinanzpolitecon.v12.n1.2020.3177 https://revfinypolecon.ucatolica.edu.co/article/download/3177/3510 https://revfinypolecon.ucatolica.edu.co/article/download/3177/3416 2020-01-01 89 2248-6046 2011-7663 https://revfinypolecon.ucatolica.edu.co/article/download/3177/3552 |
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UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE COLOMBIA |
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https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADCATOLICADECOLOMBIA/logo.png |
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Colombia |
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Revista Finanzas y Política Económica |
| title |
Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú |
| spellingShingle |
Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú Boitano, Guillermo Abanto Aranda, Deyvi Franco Inclusión financiera Concentración bancaria Exclusión financiera Educación financiera Pobreza Bank concentration Financial exclusion Financial education Poverty Financial inclusion |
| title_short |
Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú |
| title_full |
Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú |
| title_fullStr |
Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el Perú |
| title_sort |
desafíos de las políticas de inclusión financiera en el perú |
| title_eng |
Challenges of financial inclusion policies in Peru |
| description |
El objetivo de la investigación es identificar los principales determinantes de la inclusión financiera en el Perú a nivel departamental (sin Lima) de 2010 a 2017, con el fin de analizar los desafíos que enfrentan las políticas de inclusión financiera. Se usó un método GMM de dos etapas para estimar un modelo de datos de panel, donde la variable endógena es el índice de inclusión financiera de Sarma (2008). Los resultadosindican que la concentración bancaria es la principal variable que afecta la inclusión financiera. Al mismo tiempo, aunque el efecto de la tecnología es positivo, está disminuyendo con el tiempo debido al despliegue ineficiente de dicha tecnología y, en muchos casos, a una falta de conocimiento de cómo usarla, especialmente en las zonas remotas del Perú.
|
| description_eng |
The purpose of the research is to identify the main determinants of financial inclusion in Peru at the department level (without Lima) from 2010 to 2017, aiming to analyze the challenges faced by financial inclusion policies. A twostage GMM method was used to estimate a panel data model where the endogenous variable is Sarma’s financial inclusion index (2008). The results indicate that bank concentration is the main variable affecting financial inclusion. At the same time, although the effect of technology is positive, it is diminishing over time due to the inefficient deployment of such technology and, in many cases, a lack of knowledge on how to use it, especially in the remote areas of Peru.
|
| author |
Boitano, Guillermo Abanto Aranda, Deyvi Franco |
| author_facet |
Boitano, Guillermo Abanto Aranda, Deyvi Franco |
| topicspa_str_mv |
Inclusión financiera Concentración bancaria Exclusión financiera Educación financiera Pobreza |
| topic |
Inclusión financiera Concentración bancaria Exclusión financiera Educación financiera Pobreza Bank concentration Financial exclusion Financial education Poverty Financial inclusion |
| topic_facet |
Inclusión financiera Concentración bancaria Exclusión financiera Educación financiera Pobreza Bank concentration Financial exclusion Financial education Poverty Financial inclusion |
| citationvolume |
12 |
| citationissue |
1 |
| publisher |
Universidad Católica de Colombia |
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Revista Finanzas y Política Económica |
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https://revfinypolecon.ucatolica.edu.co/article/view/3177 |
| language |
Inglés |
| format |
Article |
| rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
| references_eng |
Park, C.-Y., & Mercado, R. (2018). Financial Inclusion, Poverty, And Income Inequality. The Singapore Economic Review, 63(01), 185-206. Pizarro Aranguren, L., & Caballero Muñiz, R. (2009). Acceso al sistema financiero y banca concentrada: ¿sacrificando corderos por leones? IUS ET VERITAS, 19(38), 96-109. Rajeev, M., & Vani, B. (2017). Financial Access of the Urban Poor in India. A Story of Exclusion. New Delhi: Springer India. Sarma, M. (2008). Index of financial inclusion. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, Working Paper No 215. Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial Inclusion and Development. Journal of International and Development, 23(5), 613-628. Sharma, D. (2016). Nexus between financial inclusion and economic growth: Evidence from the emerging Indian economy, Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 8(1), 13-36. Ozili, P. (2018). Impact of Digital Finance on Financial Inclusion and Stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329-340. Owen, L., & Pereira, J. (2016). Bank Concentration, Competition, and Financial Inclusion (September 8, 2016). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2836521. Neaime, S., & Gaysset, I. (2018). Financial inclusion and stability in MENA: Evidence from poverty and inequality. Finance Research Letters, 24, 230-237. Mushtaq, R., & Bruneau, C. (2019). Microfinance, financial inclusion and ICT: Implications for poverty and inequality. Technology in Society, 59. Kumar, A., Pal, R., & Pal, R. (2018). Usage of formal financial services in India: Demand barriers or supply constraints? Economic Modelling, 80(1), 244-259. Ministerio de Educación. (2020). Estadísticas de la calidad Educativa. Lima: MINEDU. http://escale.minedu.gob.pe/tendencias Ministerio de la Producción (PRODUCE). (2020). Estadística MIPYME. Lima: PRODUCE. http://ogeiee.produce.gob.pe/index.php/shortcode/estadistica-oee/estadisticas-mipyme Mas, I., & Almazán, M. (2011). Banking the Poor through Everyday Stores. Innovations, 6(1), 119-128. Mader, P. (2017). Contesting financial inclusion. Development and Change, 49(2), 461-483. Lopez, T., & Winkler, A. (2017). The challenge of rural financial inclusion – evidence from microfinance. Applied Economics, 50(14), 1555-1577. Léon, F., & Zins, A. (2020). Regional foreign banks and financial inclusion: Evidence from Africa. Economic Modelling, 84, 102-116. Seng, K. (2019). The Poverty-Reducing Effects of Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Cambodia. MPRA Paper 95726. Kumar, N. (2013). Financial inclusion and its determinants: evidence from India. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 5(1), 4-19. Kodan, A., & Chhikara, K. (2013). A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis of Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth. Management and Labour Studies, 38(1-2), 103-133. Klein, M., & Mayer, C. 2011. Mobile banking and financial inclusion: The regulatory lessons. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 5664. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Kim, J. H. (2016). A Study on the Effect of Financial Inclusion on the Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 498-512. Karpowicz, I. (2016). Financial Inclusion, Growth and Inequality: A Model Application to Colombia. Journal of Banking and Financial Economics, 2(6), 68-89. Kabakova, O., & Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion: Ecosystem view. Journal of Business Research, 89(C), 198-205. Schmied, J., & Marr, A. (2016). Financial inclusion and poverty: The case of Peru. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 16(2), 29-43. Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP (SBS). (2019). Información Estadística de Banca Múltiple. Lima: SBS. https://www.sbs.gob.pe/app/stats/EstadisticaBoletinEstadistico.asp?p=1 Shihadeh, H., Hannon, A., Guan, J., Haq, I., & Wang, X. (2018). Does financial inclusion improve the banks’ performance? Evidence from Jordan. In J. W. Kensinger (Ed.), Global tensions in financial markets (pp. 117-138), Bradford: Emerald Publishing Limited. Wentzel, J. P., Diatha, K. S., & Yadavalli, V. S. S. (2016). An investigation into factors impacting financial exclusion at the bottom of the pyramid in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 33(2), 1-12. World Bank. (2019). Financial Inclusion on the Rise, But Gaps Remain, Global Findex Database Shows. World Bank: Washington D. C. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/press-release/2018/04/19/financial-inclusion-on-the-rise-but-gaps-remain-global-findex-database-shows. World Bank. (2000). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Washington: Oxford University Press. Wang’oo, E. (2008). The relationship between financial inclusion and economic development in Kenya. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/63345 Sinja, B., Cull, R., Gine, X., Sven, H., & Heitmann, S. (2018). Banking with Agents: Experimental Evidence from Senegal (April 19, 2018). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8417. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3165809 Wang, X., & Guan, J. (2017). Financial inclusion: measurement, spatial effects and influencing factors. Applied Economics, 49(18), 1-12. Zins, A., & Weill, L. (2016). The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 6(1), 46-57. Vega, M. (2017). Retail payments innovations in Peru: Modelo Peru and financial inclusion. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 10(4), 343-351. Thoene, U., & Turriago-Hoyos, A. (2017). Financial inclusion in Colombia: A scoping literature review. Intagible Capital, 13(3), 582-614. Talledo, J. (2015). Access to and use of financial services: evidence from Peru. Journal of Financial Issues SBS, 11(1), 1-49. Iqbal, B. A., & Sami, S. (2017). Role of banks in financial inclusion in India. Contaduría y Administración, 62(2), 644-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cya.2017.01.007 Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP (SBS). (2017). 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