Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos

Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos

Se propuso analizar diferencias en el nivel de percepción –de sujetos de población general- respecto de la efectividad de líderes con características socioculturales diversas (género, orientación sexual, afiliación religiosa, nacionalidad) así como comprobar, mediante ecuaciones estructurales, influencia de la ansiedad intergrupal y la sensibilidad cultural sobre el nivel de percepción de efectividad. Participantes: 481 sujetos adultos argentinos (52.8% mujeres, 47.2% varones; promedio de edad = 35.45 años). Instrumentos: Escala de ansiedad intergrupal, Escala de sensibilidad cultural, Protocolo diseñado ad hoc para evaluar nivel de percepción de efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos. Resultados obtenidos: no se pudo confirmar... Ver más

Guardado en:

International Journal of Psychological Research

2011-2084

2011-7922

Castro Solano, Alejandro

Lupano Peruginni, María Laura

UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN BUENAVENTURA

10.21500/20112084.643

8

2015-01-01

36

45

Colombia

liderazgo

efectividad

sensibilidad cultural

ansiedad intergrupal

cultura

http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

International Journal of Psychological Research - 2015

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record_format ojs
spelling Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
liderazgo
Se propuso analizar diferencias en el nivel de percepción –de sujetos de población general- respecto de la efectividad de líderes con características socioculturales diversas (género, orientación sexual, afiliación religiosa, nacionalidad) así como comprobar, mediante ecuaciones estructurales, influencia de la ansiedad intergrupal y la sensibilidad cultural sobre el nivel de percepción de efectividad. Participantes: 481 sujetos adultos argentinos (52.8% mujeres, 47.2% varones; promedio de edad = 35.45 años). Instrumentos: Escala de ansiedad intergrupal, Escala de sensibilidad cultural, Protocolo diseñado ad hoc para evaluar nivel de percepción de efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos. Resultados obtenidos: no se pudo confirmar diferencias en el nivel de percepción de efectividad según características socioculturales. Sin embargo, se confirmó efecto directo de la sensibilidad cultural, e indirecto de la ansiedad intergrupal, sobre los niveles de percepción de efectividad. Este trabajo contribuye al estudio sobre prejuicios en relación al liderazgo.
Artículo de revista
Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
efectividad
sensibilidad cultural
ansiedad intergrupal
cultura
Karahanna,E.-Evaristo,J.R.-Srite,M.(2005): Levels of culture and individual behavior: An integrative persepctive. Journal of Global Information Management, 13(2), 1-20
Katz, I. (1981). Stigma: A social psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Kawahara, D. M., Pal, M., & Chin, J. L. (2013). The leadership experiences of Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication.
Hodson, G., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). The aversive form of racism. In J. L. Chin (Ed.), The psychology of prejudice and discrimination: Vol. 1. Racism in America (pp. 119–136). Westport, CT:Praeger.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Intergroup anxiety in diverse leaders’
Lupano and Castro (2014)
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 36 - 45
Klein, K. M., & Wang, M. (2010). Deep-level diversity and leadership. American Psychologist, 65, 932–933. DOI:10.1037/a0021355
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Fowers, B. & Davidov, B. (2006). The virtue of multiculturalism. Personal transformation, character and openness to the other. American Psychologist, 61(86), 581-594.
Hammer, M., Bennett, M. & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: the intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-443.
García-Cueto, E., Gallo, P. & Miranda, R. (1998). Bondad de ajuste en el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Psicothema, 10, 717-724.
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Latinobarómetro (2011). Informe 2011. Recuperado de http://www.infoamerica.org/primera/lb_2011.pdf
Fiske, S.T. & Lee, T.L. (2008). Stereotypes and prejudice create workplace discrimination. In P. Brief (Ed.), Diversity at work (pp 13-54). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fassinger, R. E., Shullman, S. L., & Stevenson, M. R. (2010). Toward an affirmative lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender leadership paradigm. American Psychologist, 65, 201–215.
Eagly, A. H., & Diekman, A. B. (2005). What is the problem? Prejudice as an attitude-in-context. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 19–35).
Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573- 598.
Eagly, A.H. & Chin, J.L. (2010). Are memberships in Race, Ethnicity, and Gender categories merely surface characteristics? American Psychologist, 65(9), 934-935. DOI: 10.1037/a0021830
Eagly, A.H. & Carli L.L. (2007). Through the labyrinth. The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Duckitt, J., Callaghan, J., & Wagner, C. (2005). Group identification and outgroup attitudes in four South African ethnic groups: A multidimensional approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 633–646.
Latinobarómetro (2008). Oportunidades de Integración Regional II. Recuperado de http://www.latinobarometro.org/docs/OportunidadesDeIntegracionIICAFLimaPeru_Abril_16_2008.pdf
Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 996–1010.
Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., Harvey, J. L., & Hall, R. J. (2001). Contextual constraints on prototype generation and their multilevel consequences for leadership perceptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 311–338.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2009, January). Household data annual averages: Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cps/ cpsaat11.pdf
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Zweigenhaft, R. L., & Domhoff, G. W. (2006). Diversity in the power elite: How it happened, why it matters. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Wofford, J., Goodwin, V. L. & Wittington, J. (1998). A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional leadership. Leadership Quarterly. 9, 55-84.
Weston, R. & Gore Jr., P. A., (2006). A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34; 719-751.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2010 (129thed.) Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/
Thomas, D.(2008). Cross-cultural management. Essential Concepts. Londres: Sage.
Lupano Perugini, M. L. (2011). Liderazgo, género y prejuicio. Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la efectividad del liderazgo femenino y actitudes hacia las mujeres líderes. Tesis Doctoral.
Stephan, W. G & Stephan, C. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-176.
Sanchez-Hucles, J. V., & Davis, D. D. (2010). Women and women of color in leadership: Complexity, identity, and ntersectionality. American Psychologist, 65, 171–181.
Rosette, A.S., Leonardelli, G.J. & Phillips, K.W. (2008). The white standard: racial bias in leader categorization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (4), 758–777. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758
Richard, O., McMillan, A., Chadwick, K., & Dwyer, S. (2003). Employing an innovation strategy in racially diverse workforces. Group & Organization Management, 28, 107-126
Pettigrew, T.F. & Tropp, L. (2000). Does integroups contact reduce prejudice: Recent meta-analytic findings. In: S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93-114). Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Pérez, E., Medrano, L. A. & Sánchez Rosas, J. (2013). El Path Analysis: conceptos básicos y ejemplos de aplicación. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 5 (1), 52-56.
Niemann, Y. F., Jennings, L., Rozelle, R. M., Baxter, J. C., & Sullivan, E. (1994). Use of free responses and cluster analysis to determine stereotypes of eight groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 379–390.
Malden, MA, Blackwell & Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles, 37, 663–685.
Dezsö, C. L. & Ross, D. G. (2012). Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation. Strat. Mgmt. Journal, 33, 1072–1089. doi: 10.1002/smj.1955
Lupano Perugini, M.L. & Castro Solano, A. (2013). Estereotipos de género, sexo del líder y del seguidor: su influencia en las actitudes hacia mujeres líderes. Revista de Psicología 9(17), 87-104
Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano A. (2008). Liderazgo y género. Identificación de Prototipos de liderazgo efectivo. Perspectivas en Psicología, 5(1), 69-77.
Dixon, J., & Rosenbaum, M. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural, and group threat theories of anti-Black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 2004.
Chrobot-Mason, D., Ruderman, M.N. & Nishii, L.H. (2013). Leadership in a diverse workplace. In: R. M. Quinetta (Ed), The Oxford handbook of diversity and work (pp. 315-340). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press
Den Hartog, D. N., & Dickson, W. (2004). Leadership and culture. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 249–278). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
1
Cox,T.(1993). Cultural diversity in organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Inglés
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/643
International Journal of Psychological Research
Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia)
application/pdf
Journal article
8
Bennett, J.M. & Bennett, M.J. (2004). Developing intercultural Sensitivity: An Integrative Approach to Global and domestic Diversity. In D. Landis, J.M. Bennett & M.J. Bennett (Eds.). Handbook of Intercultural Training (pp. 147-166). California: Sage
effectiveness
cultural sensitivity
intergroup anxiety
culture
leadership
Castro Solano, Alejandro
Lupano Peruginni, María Laura
This intended to analyze differences in the level of perception –of general population participants- in regards to leaders with diverse socio-cultural characteristics (gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, nationality) and also verify by means of structural equations, the influence of intergroup anxiety and the cultural sensitivity in terms of the level of effectiveness perception. Participants: 481 adults from Argentina (52.8% female, 47.2% male; age average = 35.45 years old). Instruments: Intergroup Anxiety scale, Cultural Sensitivity scale, and an ad hoc protocol designed to assess level of effectiveness perception in socio-culturally diverse leaders. Results: Differences in the level of perception of effectiveness according to sociocultural characteristics could not be confirmed. However, a direct effect of cultural sensitivity and an indirect effect of intergroup anxiety on the levels of effectiveness perception were confirmed. This work contributes to previous studies on prejudice and leadership.
Ayman, R., & Korabik, K. (2010). Leadership: Why gender and culture matter. American Psychologist, 65, 157–170.
International Journal of Psychological Research - 2015
Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. The American Economic Review, 94(4), 991–1013.
R E S E A R C H
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
Chin, J.L. & Sánchez-Hucles, J. (2007). Diversity and leadership. American Psychologist, 62(6), 608-609.
Chin, J. L. (2013). Introduction: Special section on Asian American leadership. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4 (4), 235–239. DOI: 10.1037/a0035144
Chin J.L. (2010). Introduction to the Special Issue on Diversity and Leadership. American Psychologist, 65(3), 150-156.
Chin, J. L. (2009). Diversity in mind and in action. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Cuadrado, I. Navas, M. & Molero, F. (2006). Mujeres y Liderazgo. Claves Psicosociales del Techo de Cristal. Madrid: Sanz y Torres.
Castro Solano A., Becerra L. & Lupano Perugini, M.L. (2007). Prototipos de liderazgo en población civil y militar. Interdisciplinaria, 24, 1, 65- 94.
Psicológica de América Latina, 59 (2), 104-113.
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 36 - 45
Lupano and Castro (2014)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Intergroup anxiety in diverse leaders’
Berry, J. W. (2006). Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultural groups in Canada. International of Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30 (6), 719-734
Publication
Castro Solano, A. (2013). Predictores de las relaciones interculturales con estudiantes universitarios extranjeros. Acta Psiquiátrica y
Castro Solano, A. (2009). La evaluación de la sensibilidad cultural. Un estudio preliminar con estudiantes extranjeros. Acta Psiquiátrica y Psicológica de América Latina, 55 (4), 229-238
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Carr, S. C. (2011). A Global Community Psychology of Mobility. Psychosocial Intervention, 20, 319-325. DOI:10.5093/in2011v20n3a8
Castro Solano, A. (2011). Estrategias de aculturación y adaptación psicológica y sociocultural de estudiantes extranjeros en la argentina. Interdisciplinaria, 28(1), 1-16.
Casas X. (2010). Hay más jefas pero pocas llegan a ser CEO. Recuperado el 21 de marzo de 2011 de http://www.iae.edu.ar/iaehoy/Documents/NG_20100308_Cronista_Debeljuh_MujeresLideres.pdf
Castro Solano, A. (2011). La evaluación de las competencias culturales de los líderes mediante el Inventario de Adaptación Cultural. Anales de Psicología de la Universidad de Murcia, 27(2), 507-517.
45
36
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/643/443
https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.643
10.21500/20112084.643
2011-7922
2011-2084
2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
2015-01-01
institution UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN BUENAVENTURA
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESANBUENAVENTURA_COLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection International Journal of Psychological Research
title Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
spellingShingle Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
Castro Solano, Alejandro
Lupano Peruginni, María Laura
liderazgo
efectividad
sensibilidad cultural
ansiedad intergrupal
cultura
effectiveness
cultural sensitivity
intergroup anxiety
culture
leadership
title_short Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
title_full Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
title_fullStr Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
title_full_unstemmed Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
title_sort ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
description Se propuso analizar diferencias en el nivel de percepción –de sujetos de población general- respecto de la efectividad de líderes con características socioculturales diversas (género, orientación sexual, afiliación religiosa, nacionalidad) así como comprobar, mediante ecuaciones estructurales, influencia de la ansiedad intergrupal y la sensibilidad cultural sobre el nivel de percepción de efectividad. Participantes: 481 sujetos adultos argentinos (52.8% mujeres, 47.2% varones; promedio de edad = 35.45 años). Instrumentos: Escala de ansiedad intergrupal, Escala de sensibilidad cultural, Protocolo diseñado ad hoc para evaluar nivel de percepción de efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos. Resultados obtenidos: no se pudo confirmar diferencias en el nivel de percepción de efectividad según características socioculturales. Sin embargo, se confirmó efecto directo de la sensibilidad cultural, e indirecto de la ansiedad intergrupal, sobre los niveles de percepción de efectividad. Este trabajo contribuye al estudio sobre prejuicios en relación al liderazgo.
description_eng This intended to analyze differences in the level of perception –of general population participants- in regards to leaders with diverse socio-cultural characteristics (gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, nationality) and also verify by means of structural equations, the influence of intergroup anxiety and the cultural sensitivity in terms of the level of effectiveness perception. Participants: 481 adults from Argentina (52.8% female, 47.2% male; age average = 35.45 years old). Instruments: Intergroup Anxiety scale, Cultural Sensitivity scale, and an ad hoc protocol designed to assess level of effectiveness perception in socio-culturally diverse leaders. Results: Differences in the level of perception of effectiveness according to sociocultural characteristics could not be confirmed. However, a direct effect of cultural sensitivity and an indirect effect of intergroup anxiety on the levels of effectiveness perception were confirmed. This work contributes to previous studies on prejudice and leadership.
author Castro Solano, Alejandro
Lupano Peruginni, María Laura
author_facet Castro Solano, Alejandro
Lupano Peruginni, María Laura
topicspa_str_mv liderazgo
efectividad
sensibilidad cultural
ansiedad intergrupal
cultura
topic liderazgo
efectividad
sensibilidad cultural
ansiedad intergrupal
cultura
effectiveness
cultural sensitivity
intergroup anxiety
culture
leadership
topic_facet liderazgo
efectividad
sensibilidad cultural
ansiedad intergrupal
cultura
effectiveness
cultural sensitivity
intergroup anxiety
culture
leadership
citationvolume 8
citationissue 1
publisher Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia)
ispartofjournal International Journal of Psychological Research
source https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/643
language Inglés
format Article
rights http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
International Journal of Psychological Research - 2015
references_eng Karahanna,E.-Evaristo,J.R.-Srite,M.(2005): Levels of culture and individual behavior: An integrative persepctive. Journal of Global Information Management, 13(2), 1-20
Katz, I. (1981). Stigma: A social psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Kawahara, D. M., Pal, M., & Chin, J. L. (2013). The leadership experiences of Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication.
Hodson, G., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). The aversive form of racism. In J. L. Chin (Ed.), The psychology of prejudice and discrimination: Vol. 1. Racism in America (pp. 119–136). Westport, CT:Praeger.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Intergroup anxiety in diverse leaders’
Lupano and Castro (2014)
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 36 - 45
Klein, K. M., & Wang, M. (2010). Deep-level diversity and leadership. American Psychologist, 65, 932–933. DOI:10.1037/a0021355
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Fowers, B. & Davidov, B. (2006). The virtue of multiculturalism. Personal transformation, character and openness to the other. American Psychologist, 61(86), 581-594.
Hammer, M., Bennett, M. & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: the intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-443.
García-Cueto, E., Gallo, P. & Miranda, R. (1998). Bondad de ajuste en el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Psicothema, 10, 717-724.
Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Latinobarómetro (2011). Informe 2011. Recuperado de http://www.infoamerica.org/primera/lb_2011.pdf
Fiske, S.T. & Lee, T.L. (2008). Stereotypes and prejudice create workplace discrimination. In P. Brief (Ed.), Diversity at work (pp 13-54). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fassinger, R. E., Shullman, S. L., & Stevenson, M. R. (2010). Toward an affirmative lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender leadership paradigm. American Psychologist, 65, 201–215.
Eagly, A. H., & Diekman, A. B. (2005). What is the problem? Prejudice as an attitude-in-context. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 19–35).
Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573- 598.
Eagly, A.H. & Chin, J.L. (2010). Are memberships in Race, Ethnicity, and Gender categories merely surface characteristics? American Psychologist, 65(9), 934-935. DOI: 10.1037/a0021830
Eagly, A.H. & Carli L.L. (2007). Through the labyrinth. The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Duckitt, J., Callaghan, J., & Wagner, C. (2005). Group identification and outgroup attitudes in four South African ethnic groups: A multidimensional approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 633–646.
Latinobarómetro (2008). Oportunidades de Integración Regional II. Recuperado de http://www.latinobarometro.org/docs/OportunidadesDeIntegracionIICAFLimaPeru_Abril_16_2008.pdf
Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 996–1010.
Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., Harvey, J. L., & Hall, R. J. (2001). Contextual constraints on prototype generation and their multilevel consequences for leadership perceptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 311–338.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2009, January). Household data annual averages: Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cps/ cpsaat11.pdf
Zweigenhaft, R. L., & Domhoff, G. W. (2006). Diversity in the power elite: How it happened, why it matters. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Wofford, J., Goodwin, V. L. & Wittington, J. (1998). A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional leadership. Leadership Quarterly. 9, 55-84.
Weston, R. & Gore Jr., P. A., (2006). A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34; 719-751.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2010 (129thed.) Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/
Thomas, D.(2008). Cross-cultural management. Essential Concepts. Londres: Sage.
Lupano Perugini, M. L. (2011). Liderazgo, género y prejuicio. Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la efectividad del liderazgo femenino y actitudes hacia las mujeres líderes. Tesis Doctoral.
Stephan, W. G & Stephan, C. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-176.
Sanchez-Hucles, J. V., & Davis, D. D. (2010). Women and women of color in leadership: Complexity, identity, and ntersectionality. American Psychologist, 65, 171–181.
Rosette, A.S., Leonardelli, G.J. & Phillips, K.W. (2008). The white standard: racial bias in leader categorization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (4), 758–777. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758
Richard, O., McMillan, A., Chadwick, K., & Dwyer, S. (2003). Employing an innovation strategy in racially diverse workforces. Group & Organization Management, 28, 107-126
Pettigrew, T.F. & Tropp, L. (2000). Does integroups contact reduce prejudice: Recent meta-analytic findings. In: S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93-114). Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Pérez, E., Medrano, L. A. & Sánchez Rosas, J. (2013). El Path Analysis: conceptos básicos y ejemplos de aplicación. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 5 (1), 52-56.
Niemann, Y. F., Jennings, L., Rozelle, R. M., Baxter, J. C., & Sullivan, E. (1994). Use of free responses and cluster analysis to determine stereotypes of eight groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 379–390.
Malden, MA, Blackwell & Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles, 37, 663–685.
Dezsö, C. L. & Ross, D. G. (2012). Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation. Strat. Mgmt. Journal, 33, 1072–1089. doi: 10.1002/smj.1955
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