La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios
El objetivo fue evaluar la Escala General de Beneficios (GBFS) en un estudio transversal de una muestra de adultos mayores de 55 años, y determinar en qué medida se relaciona con bienestar mental, apoyo social percibido, salud y personalidad. Los participantes (n = 341) completaron un cuestionario que incluía preguntas demográficas, GBFS y medidas de bienestar mental, apoyo social percibido, niveles de actividad y personalidad. La búsqueda de beneficios fue mayor en los adultos mayores que en los más jovenes, se correlacionó positivamente con bienestar mental y apoyo social percibido. Sin embargo, aunque significativo, el impacto de los factores psicosociales investigados en los niveles de beneficio de la búsqueda fue pequeño (9.2%) con bie... Ver más
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International Journal of Psychological Research - 2018
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La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios búsqueda de beneficios Artículo de revista Psicología de la salud personalidad bienestar mental edad apoyo La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios El objetivo fue evaluar la Escala General de Beneficios (GBFS) en un estudio transversal de una muestra de adultos mayores de 55 años, y determinar en qué medida se relaciona con bienestar mental, apoyo social percibido, salud y personalidad. Los participantes (n = 341) completaron un cuestionario que incluía preguntas demográficas, GBFS y medidas de bienestar mental, apoyo social percibido, niveles de actividad y personalidad. La búsqueda de beneficios fue mayor en los adultos mayores que en los más jovenes, se correlacionó positivamente con bienestar mental y apoyo social percibido. Sin embargo, aunque significativo, el impacto de los factores psicosociales investigados en los niveles de beneficio de la búsqueda fue pequeño (9.2%) con bienestar mental, sexo y amabilidad son predictores significativos. El estudio proporciona apoyo adicional para el uso de la GBFS y sugiere que el apoyo social percibido, particularmente de los amigos, es especialmente importante para los adultos mayores. Lamping, D. L., Schroter, S., Marquis, P., Marrel, A., Duprat-Lomon, I., & Sagnier, P.-P. (2002). The community-acquired pneumonia symptom questionnaire: a new, patient-based outcome measure to evaluate symptoms in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest, 122(3), 920–929. Silva, A. G., Queirós, A., Alvarelhão, J., & Rocha, N. P. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the rapid assessment of physical activity questionnaire. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 21(10), 469–474. Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A metaanalytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(2), 223–229. Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of research in Personality, 41(1), 203–212. Rafnsson, S. B., Shankar, A., & Steptoe, A. (2015). Longitudinal influences of social network characteristics on subjective well-being of older adults: findings from the ELSA study. Journal of Aging and Health, 27 (5), 919–934. Poon, C. Y. M., & Knight, B. G. (2013). Parental emotional support during emerging adulthood and baby boomers’ well-being in midlife. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37 (6), 498–504. Pilkington, R., Taylor, A. W., Hugo, G., & Wittert, G. (2014). Are baby boomers healthier than generation x? a profile of australia’s working generations using national health survey data. PloS one, 9(3), e93087. Pascoe, L., & Edvardsson, D. (2013). Benefit finding in cancer: a review of influencing factors and health outcomes. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17 (6), 760–766. Morrison, V., & Bennett, P. (2012). An Introduction to Health Psychology (3rd ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Momtaz, Y. A., Haron, S. A., Ibrahim, R., & Hamid, T. A. (2014). Social embeddedness as a mechanism for linking social cohesion to well-being among older adults: moderating effect of gender. Clinical interventions in aging, 9, 863. McKee, K. J., & Schüz, B. (2015). Psychosocial factors in healthy ageing. Taylor & Francis. Lubben, J., Blozik, E., Gillmann, G., Iliffe, S., von Renteln Kruse, W., Beck, J. C., & Stuck, A. E. (2006). Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. The Gerontologist, 46(4), 503–513. McGregor, B. A., & Antoni, M. H. (2009). Psychological intervention and health outcomes among women treated for breast cancer: a review of stress path ways and biological mediators. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 23(2), 159–166. Huxhold, O., Miche, M., & Schüz, B. (2013). Benefits of having friends in older ages: Differential effects of informal social activities on well-being in middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(3), 366–375. Jivraj, S., Nazroo, J., Vanhoutte, B., & Chandola, T. (2014). Aging and subjective well-being in later life. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 930–941. Smith, S. C., Lamping, D. L., Banerjee, S., Harwood, R., Foley, B., Smith, P., … others (2005). Measurement of health-related quality of life for people with dementia: development of a new instrument (DEMQOL) and an evaluation of current methodology. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 9(10), 1–93. Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttrauma depression and PTSD in assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(1), 45–52. Kline, R. B., et al. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Methodology in the social sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press. McConkey, R., & Leavey, G. (2013). Irish attitudes to sexual relationships and people with intellectual disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(3), 181–188. Lubben, J. E. (1988). Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance. Măirean, C. (2016). Secondary traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth: Social support as a moderator. The Social Science Journal, 53(1), 14–21. Sim, B. Y., Lee, Y. W., Kim, H., & Kim, S. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth in stomach cancer survivors: Prevalence, correlates and relationship with healthrelated quality of life. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(3), 230–236. Topolski, T. D., LoGerfo, J., Patrick, D. L., Williams, B., Walwick, J., & Patrick, M. A. J. M. B. (2006). Peer reviewed: the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults. Preventing chronic disease, 3(4). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/oct/06_0001.htm Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal construct validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): a Rasch analysis using data from the Scottish health education population survey. Health and quality of life outcomes, 7 (1), 15. Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., … Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of alzheimer disease. Archives of general psychiatry, 64(2), 234–240. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology—a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical psychology review, 26(5), 626–653. Zaninotto, P., Falaschetti, E., & Sacker, A. (2009). Age trajectories of quality of life among older adults: results from the english longitudinal study of ageing. Quality of Life Research, 18(10), 1301–1309. WHO. (2012). Risk factors of ill health among older people. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/healthy-ageing/data-and-statistics/risk-factors-of-ill-health-among-older-people Tampubolon, G. (2015). Delineating the third age: joint models of older people’s quality of life and attrition in britain 2002–2010. Aging & mental health, 19(7), 576–583. WHO. (1947). Constitution of the world health organisation. Geneva: World Health Organisation. Wheatley, A. (2013). Ageing population a ticking timebomb for eu. Irish Examiner. Retrieved from http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/ageing-population-a-ticking-timebomb-248936.html Weiss, A., Bates, T. C., & Luciano, M. (2008). Happiness is a personal (ity) thing: The genetics of personality and well-being in a representative sample. Psychological Science, 19(3), 205–210. Vega-López, S., Chavez, A., Farr, K. J., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2014). Validity and reliability of two brief physical activity questionnaires among Spanish-speaking individuals of Mexican descent. BMC research notes, 7 (1), 29. Urcuyo, K. R., Boyers, A. E., Carver, C. S., & Antoni, M. H. (2005). Finding benefit in breast cancer: Relations with personality, coping, and concurrent well-being. Psychology & Health, 20(2), 175–192. Twenge, J. M. (2014). Generation me-revised and updated: Why today’s young americans are more confident, assertive, entitled–and more miserable than ever before. Simon and Schuster. Tsai, J., El-Gabalawy, R., Sledge, W. H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth among veterans in the USA: results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 165–179. Howarter, A. D., & Bennett, K. K. (2013). Perceived discrimination and health-related quality of life: Testing the reserve capacity model in Hispanic Americans. The Journal of social psychology, 153(1), 62–79. Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (2002). Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. Handbook of positive psychology, 1, 584–597. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., … Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The warwick-edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 5(1), 63. Huxhold, O., Fiori, K. L., & Windsor, T. D. (2013). The dynamic interplay of social network characteristics, subjective well-being, and health: The costs and benefits of socio-emotional selectivity. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 3. Gunty, A. L., Frazier, P. A., Tennen, H., Tomich, P., Tashiro, T., & Park, C. (2011). Moderators of the relation between perceived and actual posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(1), 61. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Articles, 2. 11 Honeycutt, J. M., Nasser, K. A., Banner, J. M., Mapp, C. M., & DuPont, B. W. (2008). Individual differences in catharsis, emotional valence, trauma anxiety, and social networks among hurricane Katrina and Rita victims. Southern Communication Journal, 73(3), 229–242. https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/3382 International Journal of Psychological Research Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) application/pdf Journal article 2 Health Psychology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ personality support mental well-being age benefit finding Doyle, Ingrid Cassidy, Tony The research aim was to test the General Benefit Finding Scale (GBFS) in a cross-sectional survey of adults aged 55 years and older and to assess to what extent it relates to mental well-being, perceived social support, health and personality. Participants (n=341) completed a questionnaire which included demographic questions, the GBFS, and measures of mental well-being, perceived social support, activity levels, and personality. Benefit finding was higher in older adults and correlated positively with mental well-being and perceived support. The impact of the psychosocial factors investigated on benefit finding levels was small (9.2%) with mental well-being, sex and agreeableness being significant predictors. The study provides additional support for the use of the GBFS and suggests that perceived social support, particularly from friends, is especially important for older adults. Inglés Publication International Journal of Psychological Research - 2018 Brand, C., Barry, L., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Social support mediates the association between benefit finding and quality of life in caregivers. Journal of health psychology, 21(6), 1126–1136. Hicks, M. M., & Conner, N. E. (2014). Resilient ageing: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(4), 744–755. Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(5), 797. Goodwin, R. D., & Friedman, H. S. (2006). Health status and the five-factor personality traits in a nationally representative sample. Journal of health psychology, 11(5), 643–654. Frazier, P., Tennen, H., Gavian, M., Park, C., Tomich, P., & Tashiro, T. (2009). Does self-reported posttraumatic growth reflect genuine positive change? Psychological Science, 20(7), 912–919. Dunn, J., Occhipinti, S., Campbell, A., Ferguson, M., & Chambers, S. K. (2011). Benefit finding after cancer: The role of optimism, intrusive thinking and social environment. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(1), 169–177. Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2015). National accounts of subjective well-being. American Psychologist, 70(3), 234. Department of Health. (2015, August). Healthy and positive ageing initiative: Preliminary report, may 2015. Retrieved from https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/afu/DOH_Positive_ageing_report.pdf Deary, I. J., Weiss, A., & Batty, G. D. (2010). Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: How researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(2), 53–79. Chopik, W. J., Kim, E. S., & Smith, J. (2015). Changes in optimism are associated with changes in health over time among older adults. Social psychological and personality science, 6(7), 814–822. Cassidy, T., McLaughlin, M., & Giles, M. (2014). Benefit finding in response to general life stress: measurement and correlates. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: an Open Access Journal, 2(1),268–282. Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Cognitive processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 66(6), 979. Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Life satisfaction across the lifespan: Findings from two nationally representative panel studies. Social indicators research, 99(2), 183–203. Boehmer, U., Glickman, M., Winter, M., & Clark, M. A. (2014). Coping and benefit finding among longterm breast cancer survivors of different sexual orientations. Women & Therapy, 37 (3-4), 222–241. Allemand, M., Schaffhuser, K., & Martin, M. (2015). Long-term correlated change between personality traits and perceived social support in middle adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(3), 420–432. Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Croog, S., & Levine, S. (1987). Causal attribution, perceived benefits, and morbidity after a heart attack: an 8-year study. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 55(1), 29. 8 2018-09-01T00:00:00Z 2018-09-01T00:00:00Z 2018-09-01 https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/download/3382/2918 2011-2084 2011-7922 18 https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.3382 10.21500/20112084.3382 |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN BUENAVENTURA |
thumbnail |
https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDESANBUENAVENTURA_COLOMBIA/logo.png |
country_str |
Colombia |
collection |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
title |
La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios |
spellingShingle |
La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios Doyle, Ingrid Cassidy, Tony búsqueda de beneficios Psicología de la salud personalidad bienestar mental edad apoyo Health Psychology personality support mental well-being benefit finding |
title_short |
La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios |
title_full |
La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios |
title_fullStr |
La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios |
title_full_unstemmed |
La búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la Escala General de Beneficios |
title_sort |
la búsqueda de beneficios y el bienestar de los adultos mayores: la utilidad de la escala general de beneficios |
description |
El objetivo fue evaluar la Escala General de Beneficios (GBFS) en un estudio transversal de una muestra de adultos mayores de 55 años, y determinar en qué medida se relaciona con bienestar mental, apoyo social percibido, salud y personalidad. Los participantes (n = 341) completaron un cuestionario que incluía preguntas demográficas, GBFS y medidas de bienestar mental, apoyo social percibido, niveles de actividad y personalidad. La búsqueda de beneficios fue mayor en los adultos mayores que en los más jovenes, se correlacionó positivamente con bienestar mental y apoyo social percibido. Sin embargo, aunque significativo, el impacto de los factores psicosociales investigados en los niveles de beneficio de la búsqueda fue pequeño (9.2%) con bienestar mental, sexo y amabilidad son predictores significativos. El estudio proporciona apoyo adicional para el uso de la GBFS y sugiere que el apoyo social percibido, particularmente de los amigos, es especialmente importante para los adultos mayores.
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description_eng |
The research aim was to test the General Benefit Finding Scale (GBFS) in a cross-sectional survey of adults aged 55 years and older and to assess to what extent it relates to mental well-being, perceived social support, health and personality. Participants (n=341) completed a questionnaire which included demographic questions, the GBFS, and measures of mental well-being, perceived social support, activity levels, and personality. Benefit finding was higher in older adults and correlated positively with mental well-being and perceived support. The impact of the psychosocial factors investigated on benefit finding levels was small (9.2%) with mental well-being, sex and agreeableness being significant predictors. The study provides additional support for the use of the GBFS and suggests that perceived social support, particularly from friends, is especially important for older adults.
|
author |
Doyle, Ingrid Cassidy, Tony |
author_facet |
Doyle, Ingrid Cassidy, Tony |
topicspa_str_mv |
búsqueda de beneficios Psicología de la salud personalidad bienestar mental edad apoyo |
topic |
búsqueda de beneficios Psicología de la salud personalidad bienestar mental edad apoyo Health Psychology personality support mental well-being benefit finding |
topic_facet |
búsqueda de beneficios Psicología de la salud personalidad bienestar mental edad apoyo Health Psychology personality support mental well-being benefit finding |
citationvolume |
11 |
citationissue |
2 |
publisher |
Universidad San Buenaventura - USB (Colombia) |
ispartofjournal |
International Journal of Psychological Research |
source |
https://revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/IJPR/article/view/3382 |
language |
Inglés |
format |
Article |
rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ International Journal of Psychological Research - 2018 |
references_eng |
Lamping, D. L., Schroter, S., Marquis, P., Marrel, A., Duprat-Lomon, I., & Sagnier, P.-P. (2002). The community-acquired pneumonia symptom questionnaire: a new, patient-based outcome measure to evaluate symptoms in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest, 122(3), 920–929. Silva, A. G., Queirós, A., Alvarelhão, J., & Rocha, N. P. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the rapid assessment of physical activity questionnaire. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 21(10), 469–474. Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A metaanalytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(2), 223–229. Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of research in Personality, 41(1), 203–212. Rafnsson, S. B., Shankar, A., & Steptoe, A. (2015). Longitudinal influences of social network characteristics on subjective well-being of older adults: findings from the ELSA study. Journal of Aging and Health, 27 (5), 919–934. Poon, C. Y. M., & Knight, B. G. (2013). Parental emotional support during emerging adulthood and baby boomers’ well-being in midlife. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37 (6), 498–504. Pilkington, R., Taylor, A. W., Hugo, G., & Wittert, G. (2014). Are baby boomers healthier than generation x? a profile of australia’s working generations using national health survey data. PloS one, 9(3), e93087. Pascoe, L., & Edvardsson, D. (2013). Benefit finding in cancer: a review of influencing factors and health outcomes. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17 (6), 760–766. Morrison, V., & Bennett, P. (2012). An Introduction to Health Psychology (3rd ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Momtaz, Y. A., Haron, S. A., Ibrahim, R., & Hamid, T. A. (2014). Social embeddedness as a mechanism for linking social cohesion to well-being among older adults: moderating effect of gender. Clinical interventions in aging, 9, 863. McKee, K. J., & Schüz, B. (2015). Psychosocial factors in healthy ageing. Taylor & Francis. Lubben, J., Blozik, E., Gillmann, G., Iliffe, S., von Renteln Kruse, W., Beck, J. C., & Stuck, A. E. (2006). Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. The Gerontologist, 46(4), 503–513. McGregor, B. A., & Antoni, M. H. (2009). Psychological intervention and health outcomes among women treated for breast cancer: a review of stress path ways and biological mediators. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 23(2), 159–166. Huxhold, O., Miche, M., & Schüz, B. (2013). Benefits of having friends in older ages: Differential effects of informal social activities on well-being in middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(3), 366–375. Jivraj, S., Nazroo, J., Vanhoutte, B., & Chandola, T. (2014). Aging and subjective well-being in later life. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 930–941. Smith, S. C., Lamping, D. L., Banerjee, S., Harwood, R., Foley, B., Smith, P., … others (2005). Measurement of health-related quality of life for people with dementia: development of a new instrument (DEMQOL) and an evaluation of current methodology. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 9(10), 1–93. Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttrauma depression and PTSD in assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(1), 45–52. Kline, R. B., et al. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Methodology in the social sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press. McConkey, R., & Leavey, G. (2013). Irish attitudes to sexual relationships and people with intellectual disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(3), 181–188. Lubben, J. E. (1988). Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance. Măirean, C. (2016). Secondary traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth: Social support as a moderator. The Social Science Journal, 53(1), 14–21. Sim, B. Y., Lee, Y. W., Kim, H., & Kim, S. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth in stomach cancer survivors: Prevalence, correlates and relationship with healthrelated quality of life. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(3), 230–236. Topolski, T. D., LoGerfo, J., Patrick, D. L., Williams, B., Walwick, J., & Patrick, M. A. J. M. B. (2006). Peer reviewed: the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults. Preventing chronic disease, 3(4). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/oct/06_0001.htm Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal construct validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): a Rasch analysis using data from the Scottish health education population survey. Health and quality of life outcomes, 7 (1), 15. Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., … Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of alzheimer disease. Archives of general psychiatry, 64(2), 234–240. Zoellner, T., & Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology—a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical psychology review, 26(5), 626–653. Zaninotto, P., Falaschetti, E., & Sacker, A. (2009). Age trajectories of quality of life among older adults: results from the english longitudinal study of ageing. Quality of Life Research, 18(10), 1301–1309. WHO. (2012). Risk factors of ill health among older people. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/healthy-ageing/data-and-statistics/risk-factors-of-ill-health-among-older-people Tampubolon, G. (2015). Delineating the third age: joint models of older people’s quality of life and attrition in britain 2002–2010. Aging & mental health, 19(7), 576–583. WHO. (1947). Constitution of the world health organisation. Geneva: World Health Organisation. Wheatley, A. (2013). Ageing population a ticking timebomb for eu. Irish Examiner. Retrieved from http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/ageing-population-a-ticking-timebomb-248936.html Weiss, A., Bates, T. C., & Luciano, M. (2008). Happiness is a personal (ity) thing: The genetics of personality and well-being in a representative sample. Psychological Science, 19(3), 205–210. Vega-López, S., Chavez, A., Farr, K. J., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2014). Validity and reliability of two brief physical activity questionnaires among Spanish-speaking individuals of Mexican descent. BMC research notes, 7 (1), 29. Urcuyo, K. R., Boyers, A. E., Carver, C. S., & Antoni, M. H. (2005). Finding benefit in breast cancer: Relations with personality, coping, and concurrent well-being. Psychology & Health, 20(2), 175–192. Twenge, J. M. (2014). Generation me-revised and updated: Why today’s young americans are more confident, assertive, entitled–and more miserable than ever before. Simon and Schuster. Tsai, J., El-Gabalawy, R., Sledge, W. H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth among veterans in the USA: results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 165–179. Howarter, A. D., & Bennett, K. K. (2013). 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