La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China

La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China

Dado que poco más de la mitad de los países que reconocen a Taiwán se encuentran en América Latina y el Caribe, Taipéi y Pekín se han esforzado por lograr reconocimiento diplomático en la región, utilizando programas de ayuda para el desarrollo para conseguir socios diplomáticos. Este artículo analiza las declaraciones de los funcionarios gubernamentales y la literatura anterior, así como los datos cuantitativos de la ayuda para el desarrollo, a fin de evaluar el impacto del programa de ayuda taiwanés en ALC. Se concluye que Taipéi tiene cierta influencia para contener el avance de China en la región, debido a su estatus de país democrático, su historia de desarrollo exitoso y, especialmente, sus fuertes vínculos con Washington. Sin embargo... Ver más

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Maggiorelli, Lorenzo

UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO

10.21789/25007807.1513

2019-06-28

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Colombia

One China Policy

China

Latin America and the Caribbean

foreign aid

Taiwan

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spelling La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
Lin, T. C. (1995). The ROC’s Foreign-Aid And The Southward Policy. Issues & Studies, 31(10), 1-20.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2019). ROC Embassies and Missions Abroad. Available at https://www.roc-taiwan.org/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). Foreign Policy Guidelines. Available at https://www.外交部.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=B7411BDCD003C9EC
Menchu, S. (2017). Taiwan’s Central American Allies Coy on Panama’s Beijing Embrace. Reuters. June 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-china-centralamerica/taiwans-central-american-allies-coy-on-panamas-beijing-embrace-idUSKBN1942P9
Manthorpe, J. (2016). Forbidden nation: A history of Taiwan. St. Martin’s Griffin.
Malkin, E. (2017). Taiwan Works to Keep Its Central American Friends (Among Its Few). New York Times. January 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/13/world/americas/taiwan-president-tsai-central-america-china.html
Maggiorelli (2017). Chinese Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution and Prospects. Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo, 4(2), 28-50. Available at: http://www.revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/Cooperacion/article/download/3335/2742
Lynch, D. (2011). Searching for Taiwan’s Plan B’. The Diplomat, 23.
Lu, I., & Hsiao, S. (2017). Taiwan force for good in world, US official says. Taipei Times. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/04/28/2003692139
Liu, P. (2009). Planting Rice on the Roof of the UN Building: Analysing Taiwan's “Chinese” Techniques in Africa, 1961–present. The China Quarterly, 198, 381-400, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741009000368
Lin, T., & Lin, J. (2017). Taiwan’s Foreign Aid in Transition: From ODA to Civil Society Approaches. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 18(4), 469-490, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109917000135
Lin, T. C. (1996). Taiwan's foreign aid: an instrument of foreign policy. New Zealand Journal of East Asian Studies, 4, 58-80.
Lin, B. J. (1990). The Republic of China and Africa: a case of positive adaptation. Foreign Policy of the Republic of China on Taiwan: An Unorthodox Approach. New York: Praeger.
Morgan, D. E. (2017). Trade Developments in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Monetary Fund: International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2017/cr1766-ap-5.ashx
Li, H. (2005). Rivalry between Taiwan and the PRC in Latin America. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 10(2), 77-102, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02877029
Lee, W. C. (2004). Field of Dreams: An Overview of the Practice and Study of Taiwan. Issues & Studies, 40(3-4), 137-182.
Lee, W. C. (1994). ROC’s foreign aid policy. In J. C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan. Republic of China, Taipei: Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 331-360.
Lee, W. C. (1993). Taiwan's Foreign Aid Policy. Asian Affairs, 20(1), 43-62, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.1993.10771147 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8080/stable/30172174
Koleski, K, & Blivas, A. (2018). China’s Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean. USCC. Available at: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China%27s%20Engagement%20with%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean_.pdf
Kenney, M. (2004). Locating global advantage: industry dynamics in the international economy. Stanford University Press.
ICDF (2019). International Cooperation and Development Fund. Available at: http://www.icdf.org.tw/
ICDF (2017). 2017 Annual Report. Available at: http://www.icdf.org.tw/public/MMO/icdf/2017%20Annual%20Report.pdf
Hsu, S. (2018). Nicaragua hails programs moved from El Salvador. Taipei Times. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/10/24/2003702937
Hsieh, C. C. (1996). Pragmatic diplomacy: foreign policy and external relations. Take-off for Taiwan, 66-106.
Hsieh, C. C. (1985). Strategy for survival: The foreign policy and external relations of the Republic of China on Taiwan, 1949-79. Sherwood Press.
Möller, K. (1996). Does flexible diplomacy improve Taiwan’s international status. The International Status of Taiwan in the New World Order: Legal and Political Considerations. Kluwer International Law, London The Hague Boston, 53-62.
Nicholson, G. (2015). Transport, Logistics and Competitiveness in the Caribbean. Caribbean Journal, September 2015. Available at: https://www.caribjournal.com/2015/09/04/transport-logistics-and-competitiveness-in-the-caribbean/
Herrera, J. (2019). The Nicaraguan loan controversy. Taipei Times. March 3. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/03/03/2003710735
Wang, C. (1995). The Republic of China’s Foreign Policy 1949-1988: Factors Affecting Change in Foreign Policy Behaviour. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
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Yeh, J. (2019). No El Salvador decision made on possibly resuming ties with Taiwan. Focus Taiwan. March 14. Available at: http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201903140007.aspx
Wu, L. J. (1995). Does money talk? The ROC's economic diplomacy. Issues & studies, 31(12), 22-35.
Wang, T. Y. (2002). Taiwan's foreign relations under Lee Teng-Hui's rule, 1988-2000. American Asian Review, 20(1), 71.
Tubilewicz, C., & Guilloux, A. (2011). Does size matter? Foreign aid in Taiwan's diplomatic strategy, 2000–8. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65(3), 322-339, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2011.563777
Ramos, A. (2017). Taiwan Gives Guatemala Over Us$600 Million In Funding. Amandala. August 9. Available at: http://amandala.com.bz/news/taiwan-guatemala-us600-million-funding/
Tubilewicz, C. (2016). State transformation and the domestic politics of foreign aid in Taiwan. The Pacific Review, 29(1), 45-66, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2015.1066412
Tubilewicz, C. (2007). Taiwan and post-communist Europe: Shopping for allies. Routledge, doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946978
Transparency International (2019). Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Available at https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018
The Taiwan Loan Controversy: Loan Of US$100 Million Gives Lifeline To Ortega (2019). Qcostarica. March 6. Available at: https://qcostarica.com/the-taiwan-loan-controversy-loan-of-us100-million-gives-lifeline-to-ortega/
Taylor, I. (1998). China's foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3), 443-460, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X98002857
Sullivan, M., & Lum, T. (2019). In Focus: China’s Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 7-5700, April 11. Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10982.pdf
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Rich, T. (2009). Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition, Issues & Studies, 45(4), 159-188.
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Hickey, D. (1994). Coming In From The Cold-Taiwan Return To International Organizations. Issues & Studies, 30(10), 94-107.
Herrera, J. (2019) The important role TaiwanICDF plays in Taiwan’s diplomacy, Taipei Times, May 3. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/05/07/2003714685
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Núm. 7 , Año 2019 : Dossier. China en el siglo XXI: rutas y desafios
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Español
Razón Crítica
Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
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Alexander, C. (2014). China and Taiwan in Central America. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137480101
One China Policy
China
Latin America and the Caribbean
foreign aid
Taiwan
Maggiorelli, Lorenzo
Dado que poco más de la mitad de los países que reconocen a Taiwán se encuentran en América Latina y el Caribe, Taipéi y Pekín se han esforzado por lograr reconocimiento diplomático en la región, utilizando programas de ayuda para el desarrollo para conseguir socios diplomáticos. Este artículo analiza las declaraciones de los funcionarios gubernamentales y la literatura anterior, así como los datos cuantitativos de la ayuda para el desarrollo, a fin de evaluar el impacto del programa de ayuda taiwanés en ALC. Se concluye que Taipéi tiene cierta influencia para contener el avance de China en la región, debido a su estatus de país democrático, su historia de desarrollo exitoso y, especialmente, sus fuertes vínculos con Washington. Sin embargo, frente a los renovados esfuerzos de China para imponer su política de “Una Sola China”, las posibilidades de Taiwán de evitar el aislamiento diplomático siguen siendo inciertas.
Razón Crítica - 2019
https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/razoncritica/article/view/1513
Beech, E. (2018). U.S. recalls diplomats in El Salvador, Panama, Dominican Republic over Taiwan. Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-taiwan/u-s-recalls-diplomats-in-el-salvador-panama-dominican-republic-over-taiwan-idUSKCN1LO00N
China's Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean (2008). Available at: http://www.gov.cn/english/official/2008-11/05/content_1140347.htm
Her, K. (2012). Delivering Effective Aid, Taiwan Today, December 1, 2012. Available at: https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,29,31,45&post=7953
Harold, S., Morris, L., & Ma, L. (2019). Countering China's Efforts to Isolate Taiwan Diplomatically in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rand Corporation, doi: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2885 Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2800/RR2885/RAND_RR2885.pdf
Gao, C. (2019). China-El Salvador Relationship Wobbles. The diplomat. March 18. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/china-el-salvador-relationship-wobbles/
Friedman, E. (2007). China's Changing Taiwan Policy. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 119-134.
Esteban, M. (2007). The diplomatic battle between Beijing and Taipei in Latin america and the Caribbean. Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, 25(1), 65-88.
Erickson, D., & Chen, J. (2007). China, Taiwan, and the battle for Latin America. Fletcher F. World Aff., 31, 69.
Ellis, R. E. (2018b). PRC Engagement in Latin America and Implications for Taiwan and the United States. Global Taiwan Brief, 3(12). Available at: http://globaltaiwan.org/2018/06/13-gtb-3-12/
Ellis, R. E. (2018a). Taiwan's Diplomatic Struggle in Latin America. The News Lens. Available at: https://international.thenewslens.com/article/109817
Ellis, R. E. (2011). Chinese soft power in Latin America: A case study. National Defense Univ Washington DC.
Ellis, R. E. (2009). China in Latin America: the whats and wherefores (vol. 46). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Brautigam, D. (2010). China, Africa and the international aid architecture. African Development Bank Group Working Paper, 107.
Publication
Chiang, C., & Hsu, E. (2018). U.S. calls for resumption of cross-strait talks. Focus Taiwan. July 25. Available at: http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201807250008.aspx?q=yeh
Butterfield, S. (2004). US development aid--An historic first: Achievements and failures in the twentieth century (vol. 108). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Chan, G. (1997). Taiwan as an emerging foreign aid donor: developments, problems, and prospects. Pacific Affairs, 37-56, doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2761227
Chen, J. (2002). Foreign policy of the new Taiwan: Pragmatic diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chang, D. (1965). US Aid and Economic Progress in Taiwan. Asian Survey, 152-160, doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2642405
Cheng, T. (1994). Foreign aid in ROC diplomacy. Contemporary China and the changing international community, 170-84.
América Latina y el Caribe
Since slightly more than half of those countries that recognize Taiwan are located in Latin America and the Caribbean –LAC–, Taipei and Beijing have been striving to achieve diplomatic recognition in the region, using development aid as a foreign policy tool to gain diplomatic partners. This article analyzes statements by governmental officers and previous literature, as well as quantitative development aid data, in order to assess the impact of Taiwanese aid program in LAC. It concludes that Taipei has indeed some leverage to contain China’s advancement in the region, due to its status of democratic country, its history of successful development and especially its strong ties with Washington. Nevertheless, in the face of China’s renewed efforts in imposing its “One China Policy”, Taiwan’s possibilities to avoid diplomatic isolation remain uncertain.
Taiwán
ayuda exterior
China
política de una sola China
Taiwan’s development aid to Latin America and the Caribbean and the One China policy
Journal article
2539-5300
https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/razoncritica/article/download/1513/1486
https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/razoncritica/article/download/1513/1687
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2500-7807
2019-06-28T00:00:00Z
2019-06-28T00:00:00Z
177
2019-06-28
208
institution UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADJORGETADEOLOZANO/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Razón Crítica
title La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
spellingShingle La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
Maggiorelli, Lorenzo
One China Policy
China
Latin America and the Caribbean
foreign aid
Taiwan
América Latina y el Caribe
Taiwán
ayuda exterior
China
política de una sola China
title_short La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
title_full La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
title_fullStr La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
title_full_unstemmed La ayuda al desarrollo de Taiwán a América Latina y el Caribe y la política de Una Sola China
title_sort la ayuda al desarrollo de taiwán a américa latina y el caribe y la política de una sola china
title_eng Taiwan’s development aid to Latin America and the Caribbean and the One China policy
description Dado que poco más de la mitad de los países que reconocen a Taiwán se encuentran en América Latina y el Caribe, Taipéi y Pekín se han esforzado por lograr reconocimiento diplomático en la región, utilizando programas de ayuda para el desarrollo para conseguir socios diplomáticos. Este artículo analiza las declaraciones de los funcionarios gubernamentales y la literatura anterior, así como los datos cuantitativos de la ayuda para el desarrollo, a fin de evaluar el impacto del programa de ayuda taiwanés en ALC. Se concluye que Taipéi tiene cierta influencia para contener el avance de China en la región, debido a su estatus de país democrático, su historia de desarrollo exitoso y, especialmente, sus fuertes vínculos con Washington. Sin embargo, frente a los renovados esfuerzos de China para imponer su política de “Una Sola China”, las posibilidades de Taiwán de evitar el aislamiento diplomático siguen siendo inciertas.
description_eng Since slightly more than half of those countries that recognize Taiwan are located in Latin America and the Caribbean –LAC–, Taipei and Beijing have been striving to achieve diplomatic recognition in the region, using development aid as a foreign policy tool to gain diplomatic partners. This article analyzes statements by governmental officers and previous literature, as well as quantitative development aid data, in order to assess the impact of Taiwanese aid program in LAC. It concludes that Taipei has indeed some leverage to contain China’s advancement in the region, due to its status of democratic country, its history of successful development and especially its strong ties with Washington. Nevertheless, in the face of China’s renewed efforts in imposing its “One China Policy”, Taiwan’s possibilities to avoid diplomatic isolation remain uncertain.
author Maggiorelli, Lorenzo
author_facet Maggiorelli, Lorenzo
topicspa_str_mv One China Policy
China
Latin America and the Caribbean
foreign aid
Taiwan
topic One China Policy
China
Latin America and the Caribbean
foreign aid
Taiwan
América Latina y el Caribe
Taiwán
ayuda exterior
China
política de una sola China
topic_facet One China Policy
China
Latin America and the Caribbean
foreign aid
Taiwan
América Latina y el Caribe
Taiwán
ayuda exterior
China
política de una sola China
citationissue 7
citationedition Núm. 7 , Año 2019 : Dossier. China en el siglo XXI: rutas y desafios
publisher Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
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language Español
format Article
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Razón Crítica - 2019
references Lin, T. C. (1995). The ROC’s Foreign-Aid And The Southward Policy. Issues & Studies, 31(10), 1-20.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2019). ROC Embassies and Missions Abroad. Available at https://www.roc-taiwan.org/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). Foreign Policy Guidelines. Available at https://www.外交部.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=B7411BDCD003C9EC
Menchu, S. (2017). Taiwan’s Central American Allies Coy on Panama’s Beijing Embrace. Reuters. June 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panama-china-centralamerica/taiwans-central-american-allies-coy-on-panamas-beijing-embrace-idUSKBN1942P9
Manthorpe, J. (2016). Forbidden nation: A history of Taiwan. St. Martin’s Griffin.
Malkin, E. (2017). Taiwan Works to Keep Its Central American Friends (Among Its Few). New York Times. January 13, 2017. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/13/world/americas/taiwan-president-tsai-central-america-china.html
Maggiorelli (2017). Chinese Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution and Prospects. Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo, 4(2), 28-50. Available at: http://www.revistas.usb.edu.co/index.php/Cooperacion/article/download/3335/2742
Lynch, D. (2011). Searching for Taiwan’s Plan B’. The Diplomat, 23.
Lu, I., & Hsiao, S. (2017). Taiwan force for good in world, US official says. Taipei Times. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/04/28/2003692139
Liu, P. (2009). Planting Rice on the Roof of the UN Building: Analysing Taiwan's “Chinese” Techniques in Africa, 1961–present. The China Quarterly, 198, 381-400, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741009000368
Lin, T., & Lin, J. (2017). Taiwan’s Foreign Aid in Transition: From ODA to Civil Society Approaches. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 18(4), 469-490, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109917000135
Lin, T. C. (1996). Taiwan's foreign aid: an instrument of foreign policy. New Zealand Journal of East Asian Studies, 4, 58-80.
Lin, B. J. (1990). The Republic of China and Africa: a case of positive adaptation. Foreign Policy of the Republic of China on Taiwan: An Unorthodox Approach. New York: Praeger.
Morgan, D. E. (2017). Trade Developments in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Monetary Fund: International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2017/cr1766-ap-5.ashx
Li, H. (2005). Rivalry between Taiwan and the PRC in Latin America. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 10(2), 77-102, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02877029
Lee, W. C. (2004). Field of Dreams: An Overview of the Practice and Study of Taiwan. Issues & Studies, 40(3-4), 137-182.
Lee, W. C. (1994). ROC’s foreign aid policy. In J. C. Hu (ed.), Quiet Revolutions on Taiwan. Republic of China, Taipei: Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 331-360.
Lee, W. C. (1993). Taiwan's Foreign Aid Policy. Asian Affairs, 20(1), 43-62, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.1993.10771147 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8080/stable/30172174
Koleski, K, & Blivas, A. (2018). China’s Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean. USCC. Available at: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China%27s%20Engagement%20with%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean_.pdf
Kenney, M. (2004). Locating global advantage: industry dynamics in the international economy. Stanford University Press.
ICDF (2019). International Cooperation and Development Fund. Available at: http://www.icdf.org.tw/
ICDF (2017). 2017 Annual Report. Available at: http://www.icdf.org.tw/public/MMO/icdf/2017%20Annual%20Report.pdf
Hsu, S. (2018). Nicaragua hails programs moved from El Salvador. Taipei Times. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/10/24/2003702937
Hsieh, C. C. (1996). Pragmatic diplomacy: foreign policy and external relations. Take-off for Taiwan, 66-106.
Hsieh, C. C. (1985). Strategy for survival: The foreign policy and external relations of the Republic of China on Taiwan, 1949-79. Sherwood Press.
Möller, K. (1996). Does flexible diplomacy improve Taiwan’s international status. The International Status of Taiwan in the New World Order: Legal and Political Considerations. Kluwer International Law, London The Hague Boston, 53-62.
Nicholson, G. (2015). Transport, Logistics and Competitiveness in the Caribbean. Caribbean Journal, September 2015. Available at: https://www.caribjournal.com/2015/09/04/transport-logistics-and-competitiveness-in-the-caribbean/
Herrera, J. (2019). The Nicaraguan loan controversy. Taipei Times. March 3. Available at: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2019/03/03/2003710735
Wang, C. (1995). The Republic of China’s Foreign Policy 1949-1988: Factors Affecting Change in Foreign Policy Behaviour. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
Yeh, J. (2019). No El Salvador decision made on possibly resuming ties with Taiwan. Focus Taiwan. March 14. Available at: http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201903140007.aspx
Wu, L. J. (1995). Does money talk? The ROC's economic diplomacy. Issues & studies, 31(12), 22-35.
Wang, T. Y. (2002). Taiwan's foreign relations under Lee Teng-Hui's rule, 1988-2000. American Asian Review, 20(1), 71.
Tubilewicz, C., & Guilloux, A. (2011). Does size matter? Foreign aid in Taiwan's diplomatic strategy, 2000–8. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65(3), 322-339, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2011.563777
Ramos, A. (2017). Taiwan Gives Guatemala Over Us$600 Million In Funding. Amandala. August 9. Available at: http://amandala.com.bz/news/taiwan-guatemala-us600-million-funding/
Tubilewicz, C. (2016). State transformation and the domestic politics of foreign aid in Taiwan. The Pacific Review, 29(1), 45-66, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2015.1066412
Tubilewicz, C. (2007). Taiwan and post-communist Europe: Shopping for allies. Routledge, doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946978
Transparency International (2019). Corruption Perception Index (CPI). Available at https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018
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