La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.

La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.

La criptococosis es una de las principales enfermedades micóticas sistémicas que se generan cuando hay un debilitamiento del sistema inmune; la frecuencia de la enfermedad ha aumentando en los últimos años a nivel mundial, paralelamente con el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, razón por la cual se considera como una enfermedad marcadora del comienzo del mismo. En el primer artículo se hizo una revisión de los aspectos relacionados con el hongo, con la epidemiología de la enfermedad y las manifestaciones clínicas que se generan al estar infectado con este hongo. En esta segunda parte, se hace una descripción de los métodos de laboratorio más utilizados en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad; de las alternativas de tratamiento; de los fact... Ver más

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spelling La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
MUKAMURANGWA, P; RAES-WUYTACK, C; De VROEY, C. Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii can be separated from var neoformans by its ability to assimilate D-tryptophan. J. Med. Vet. Mycol 1995, Nov; 33(6):419-420.
SAAG, M.S; POWDERLY, W.G.; CLOUD, GA; ROBINSON, P. et al. (NAID Mycoses study Group and the AIDS clinical Trials group). Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 326(2):83-89.
POWDERLY, W.G.; recent advances in the manegement of Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin, infect. Dis. 1996; 22(Suppl 2):S119-S123.
POWDERLY, W.G. Cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS. Clin. Infec. Dis., 1993. 17:837-842.
POWDERLY, W.G.; SAAG, MS; CLOUD, G.A; et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphoterícin B to prevent relapse cryptococcal meningitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 1992; 326(12):793-798.
PETTOELLO-MANTOVANI, M., CASADEVALL, A., KOLLMANN, T.R., RUBINSTEIN, A. et al. Enhacement of HIV-1 infection by the capsular polisaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lancet, 1992. 339:21-23.
PEETERMANS, W; BOBBAERS, H; VERHAEGEN, J; Et al. Fluconazole resistant Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an AIDS patient. Acta Clin. Belg. 1993; 48(6):405-409.
NIGTHTINGALE, S et al. Primary prophylaxis with fluconazole against systemic fungal infections in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 1992; 6:191-194.
NELSON MR, BOWER M, SMITH D, et al. The value of serum cryptococcal antigen in the diagnosis of cryptococcal infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Infect 1990; 21:175-181.
MITCHELL, T.G., PERFECT, J.R. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS-100 years after discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 1995. 8(4):515-548.
__________. CLOUD, G.C.; GRAYBILL, S.J.; et al. Comparison of fluconazole (FLU) Versus Itraconazole (ITRA) as Maintenance Therapy of AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis (CM). AIDS information newsletter-Cryptococcosis, Oportunistic infections. 1995; 126( part 12): 8-9.
MITCHELL DH, SORRELL TC, ALLWORTH AM, et al. Cryptococcal diseases of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: Influence of Cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and autcome. Clin Infect Dis, 1995: 55:611-616.
MEYOHAS, M.C.; ROUX, P; BOLLENS, D, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: Localized and disseminated infections in 27 patients with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995; 21:628-633.
MANFREDI R, MASTROIANNI A, CORONADO DV, et al. Fluconazole as prophylaxis against fungal infection in patients with advanced HIV infection. Arch Intern Med, 1997: 157:64-69.
MADRENYS; De VROEY, C; RAES-WUYTACK, C, and TORRES-RODRIGUEZ, J.M. Identification of the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans from 195 clinical isolates including 84 from AIDS patients. Mycophatologia; 1993. 123(2):65-68.
LI, A; NISHIMURA, K; TAGUCHI, H; et al. The isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings and serotyping of natural and clinically sourced isolates in China. Mycopathologia 1993, Oct; 124(1):1-5.
LEVITZ, S.T., Macrophage Interactions with Cryptococcus neoformans. ASM News, 1998. 64(12): 693-699.
LAZAR JT, et al. Efficacy and safety of AmBisome (liposomal Amphotericine B) in primary episodes of cryptococcosis in patients with HIV infection VII intl conf AIDS, Florence. 1991; 2:226.
LARSEN, R.A.; BOZZETTE, S.A.; JONES, B.E.; et al. Fluconazole combined with fluycytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases 1994; 19:741-745.
__________. VAN DER HORST, C; CLOUD, G , et al. Randomized double blind comparison of Amphotericin B plus Flucytosine (AMB-FC) to AMB alone (STEP 1) followed by a comparison of fluconazole to itraconazole (STEP 2) in the treatment of acute Cryptococcal Meningitis in patients with AIDS. AIDS information newsletter-Cryptococcosis, Oportunistic infections. 1995; 126 (part 12): 8-9.
SHARKEY, P.K.; GRAYBILL, J.R.; JOHNSON, E.S.; et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin, infect. Dis. 1996; 22:315-321.
HEELAN, J.S., CARPUS, L., and KESS►MIAN, N. False positive reactions in the latex agglutination test for Cryptococcus neoformans antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol, 1991. 29:1260-1261.
ZHANG H, ZHONG, Z, PIROFSKI, L-A: Peptide epitopes recognised by a human anticryptococcal glucoronoxylomannan antibody. Infect Immun, 1997: 65:1158-1164.
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ZLUPKO, G.M., FOCHLER, F.J., GALDSCHMIDT, Z.H. Pulmonary cryptococcosis presenting with multiple pulmonary nodules. Chest, 1980. 77:575.
ZERPA R, HUICHO L, GUILLEN A: Modified India ink preparation for C. neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. J. clin. microb 1996; 34:2290-2291.
SCHURMANN D; et al. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in treating AIDS-associated disseminated cryptococcosis. Journal of infectious diseases 1991 164: 620- 622.
VINCENT M, WEBSTER MH, PETHER JV: Liposomal amphotericin B. Lancet 1992; 339:374-375.
VARTIVARIAN, S.E., ANAISSIE, E.J., COWART, R.E., SPRIGG, H.A., et al. Regulation of Cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron. J. Infect Dis, 1993. 167:186-190.
VARMA, A; SWINNE, D. STAIB, F; et al. Diversity of finggrprints in Cryptococcus neoformans. J.Clin. Microb. 1995, Jul; 33(7):1807-1814.
__________. SAAG, M.S.; CLOUD, G.A.; et al. Treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency sindrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997: 333:15-21.
VAN DER HORST, C; CLOUD, G; et al. Randomized double blind comparison of Amphotericin B plus Flucytosine (AMB-FC) to AMB alone (STEP 1) followed by a comparison of fluconazole to itraconazole (STEP 2) in the treatment of acute Cryptococcal Meningitis in patients with AIDS. AIDS information newsletter-Cryptococcosis, Oportunistic infections. 1995; 126( part 12): 8-9.
TARRAND, J.J., GUILLOT, C., WENGLAR, M., JACKSO, J. et al. Clinical comparision of resin-containing BACTEC 26 Plus and the isolator 10 blood culturing systems. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1991. 29:2245-2249.
SUGAR AM, STERN JJ, DUPONT B. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12(Suppl 3):S338-S348.
SUGAR AM, SAUNDERS C: Oral fluconazole as suppressive therapy of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. MED, 1988: 85;481-489.
SHAUNAK S, SCHELL WA, PERFECT JR. Cryptococcal meningitis with normal cerebrospinal fluid. J. Infect Dis. 1989; 160:912.
HSU, M.M.; CHANG, J.C.; YOKOYAMA, K; et al. Serotypes and mating types of clinical strains of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in Taiwan. Mycopathologia 1994, Feb; 125(2):77-81.
HAGEAGE, G.J., HARRINGTON B.J. Use of Calcofluor white in clinical micology. Lab. Med., 1984. 15:109-112.
HARRISON, Michael J.G.; McARTHUR, Justin C. Cerebral infections in AIDS: Cryptococcal meningitis. Infect Med. 1998; 15(6):396-397, 401-407, 409.
CAMPBELL, C.K. PAYNE, A.L., TEALL, A.J., BROWNELL, A. et al. Cryptococcal latex antigen test positive in patient with Trichosporon beigelii infection. Lancet, 1985. ii:43-44.
La criptococosis es una de las principales enfermedades micóticas sistémicas que se generan cuando hay un debilitamiento del sistema inmune; la frecuencia de la enfermedad ha aumentando en los últimos años a nivel mundial, paralelamente con el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, razón por la cual se considera como una enfermedad marcadora del comienzo del mismo. En el primer artículo se hizo una revisión de los aspectos relacionados con el hongo, con la epidemiología de la enfermedad y las manifestaciones clínicas que se generan al estar infectado con este hongo. En esta segunda parte, se hace una descripción de los métodos de laboratorio más utilizados en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad; de las alternativas de tratamiento; de los factores relacionados con el prónostico de la evolución de la misma y con los aspectos de la prevención, importantes para evitar recaidas o reinfecciones.
Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
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2
, Año 2003 : Enero - Diciembre
Artículo de revista
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ARANGO, Myrtha; CASTAÑEDA, Elizabeth. Micosis humanas. Procedimientos diagnósticos. Examenes directos. Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia, 1995. pp: 105-109.
BOLAÑOS, B., MITCHELL, T.G. Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages J. Med. Vet. Mycol, 1989. 27:203-217.
Revista Biosalud - 2002
CHANOCK, S.J., TOLTZIS, P., and WILSON, C. Cross reactivity between Stomatococcus mucilagínosus and latex agglutination for Cryptococcal antigen. Lancet, 1993. 342:1119-1120.
DENNING DW, ARMSTRONG, RW; LEWIS BH, et al. elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressures in patients with Cryptococcal meningitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J. Med , 1991. 91:267-272.
GRAY, L.D., and ROBERTS, G.D. Experience with the use of pronase to eliminate interference factors in the latex agglutination test for Cryptococcal antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol, 1988. 26:2450-2451.
GRANT, IH; ARMSTRONG, D. Fungal infections in AIDS. Cryptococcosis. Infectious Diseases clinics of North America, 1988 Jun; 2(2):457-464.
GRANGER, D.L., PERFECT, J.R., DURAK, D.T. Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans: regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon dioxide. J. Clin Invest, 1985. 76:508-516.
GARZA-GARZA, D; BUENDIA-URIBE, JL; MARTÍNEZ-CRUZ, E; et al. Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Rev. Latinoam. Microb. 1995 Jul; 37(3):273-279.
FAN-HAVAR, P., YAMAGUCHI E., SMITH S.M., and ENG, R.H.K. Diastolic hypertension in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Am. J. Med., 1992. 93:347-348.
DURDEN, Faith. ELEWSKI, Boni. Cutaneous involvement with Cryptococcus neoformans in AIDS. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1994. 30(5 part 2):844 - 848.
CHUCK, S.L., SANDE, M.A. Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans in the adquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Eng. J. Med, 1989. 321:794-799.
DISMUKES, W.E., CLOUD, G.A., GALLIS, H.A. Treatment of systemic mycoses with Ketoconazole: Emphasis on toxicity and clinical response in 52 patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 1983. 98:13.
DROMER, F; GUEHO, E; RONIN, O; et al. Serotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans by using a monoclonal antibody specific for capsular polysaccharide. J. Clin. Microb. 1993; 31(2):359-363.
Publication
DE REPENTYGNY, Louis. Serodiagnosis of Candidiasis, Aspergilosis and Cryptococcosis. Clin. Inf. Dis, 1992. 14 (Suppl 1):S11-S22.
DE BEDOUT, C., ORDOÑEZ, N., GÓMEZ, B.L., RODRÍGUEZ, M. et al. Sensibilidad a los antimicóticos de aislamientos clínicos de Cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans y var. gattii Biomédica, 1997; 17(Supl 1):106-107.
de GANS, J; EEFTINCK SCHATTENKERK JK; VAN KETEL RJ; Itraconazole as maintenance treatment for Cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res., 1988. 296:339.
DENNING, D.W., ARMSTRONG R.W., FISHMAN, M., and STEVENS, D.A. Endophthalmitis in a patient with disseminated cryptococcosis and AIDS who was treated with itraconazole. Rev. Infect. Dis., 1991. 13:1126-1130.
DENNING DW; TUCKER RM; HANSON LH; et al. Itraconazole therapy for cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcosis. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:2301-2308.
Journal article
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The cryptococosis is one of the principal mycotic sistemic diseases that appear when the immune system is weak; the frequency of the disease has risen in the last years in all world, as same time with the Adquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), reason for which has been considered as a marker of begining of AIDS. In the first paper was done a revision about the aspects related with the fungus, the epidemiology and the clinic manifestations of the disease. In this second part, be done a description of the laboratory methods more used in the diagnosis of the disease: the treatment alternatives; the facts related with the prognosis and the aspects of the prevention, very significant to avoid relapses or reinfections.
2003-12-20
2003-12-20T00:00:00Z
2003-12-20T00:00:00Z
1657-9550
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/download/6500/5850
37
50
https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/6500
2462-960X
institution UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADDECALDAS/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Biosalud
title La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
spellingShingle La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
title_short La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
title_full La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
title_fullStr La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
title_full_unstemmed La criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. Parte II: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
title_sort la criptococosis: de enfermedad esporádica a reemergente. parte ii: diagnóstico por el laboratorio, diagnóstico dieferencial, tratamiento, pronóstico y prevención.
title_eng -
description La criptococosis es una de las principales enfermedades micóticas sistémicas que se generan cuando hay un debilitamiento del sistema inmune; la frecuencia de la enfermedad ha aumentando en los últimos años a nivel mundial, paralelamente con el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, razón por la cual se considera como una enfermedad marcadora del comienzo del mismo. En el primer artículo se hizo una revisión de los aspectos relacionados con el hongo, con la epidemiología de la enfermedad y las manifestaciones clínicas que se generan al estar infectado con este hongo. En esta segunda parte, se hace una descripción de los métodos de laboratorio más utilizados en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad; de las alternativas de tratamiento; de los factores relacionados con el prónostico de la evolución de la misma y con los aspectos de la prevención, importantes para evitar recaidas o reinfecciones.
description_eng The cryptococosis is one of the principal mycotic sistemic diseases that appear when the immune system is weak; the frequency of the disease has risen in the last years in all world, as same time with the Adquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), reason for which has been considered as a marker of begining of AIDS. In the first paper was done a revision about the aspects related with the fungus, the epidemiology and the clinic manifestations of the disease. In this second part, be done a description of the laboratory methods more used in the diagnosis of the disease: the treatment alternatives; the facts related with the prognosis and the aspects of the prevention, very significant to avoid relapses or reinfections.
author Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
author_facet Pérez Cárdenas, Jorge Enrique
citationvolume 2
citationedition , Año 2003 : Enero - Diciembre
publisher Universidad de Caldas
ispartofjournal Biosalud
source https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/6500
language Español
format Article
rights http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Revista Biosalud - 2002
references MUKAMURANGWA, P; RAES-WUYTACK, C; De VROEY, C. Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii can be separated from var neoformans by its ability to assimilate D-tryptophan. J. Med. Vet. Mycol 1995, Nov; 33(6):419-420.
SAAG, M.S; POWDERLY, W.G.; CLOUD, GA; ROBINSON, P. et al. (NAID Mycoses study Group and the AIDS clinical Trials group). Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 326(2):83-89.
POWDERLY, W.G.; recent advances in the manegement of Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin, infect. Dis. 1996; 22(Suppl 2):S119-S123.
POWDERLY, W.G. Cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS. Clin. Infec. Dis., 1993. 17:837-842.
POWDERLY, W.G.; SAAG, MS; CLOUD, G.A; et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphoterícin B to prevent relapse cryptococcal meningitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 1992; 326(12):793-798.
PETTOELLO-MANTOVANI, M., CASADEVALL, A., KOLLMANN, T.R., RUBINSTEIN, A. et al. Enhacement of HIV-1 infection by the capsular polisaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lancet, 1992. 339:21-23.
PEETERMANS, W; BOBBAERS, H; VERHAEGEN, J; Et al. Fluconazole resistant Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an AIDS patient. Acta Clin. Belg. 1993; 48(6):405-409.
NIGTHTINGALE, S et al. Primary prophylaxis with fluconazole against systemic fungal infections in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 1992; 6:191-194.
NELSON MR, BOWER M, SMITH D, et al. The value of serum cryptococcal antigen in the diagnosis of cryptococcal infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Infect 1990; 21:175-181.
MITCHELL, T.G., PERFECT, J.R. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS-100 years after discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 1995. 8(4):515-548.
__________. CLOUD, G.C.; GRAYBILL, S.J.; et al. Comparison of fluconazole (FLU) Versus Itraconazole (ITRA) as Maintenance Therapy of AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis (CM). AIDS information newsletter-Cryptococcosis, Oportunistic infections. 1995; 126( part 12): 8-9.
MITCHELL DH, SORRELL TC, ALLWORTH AM, et al. Cryptococcal diseases of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: Influence of Cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and autcome. Clin Infect Dis, 1995: 55:611-616.
MEYOHAS, M.C.; ROUX, P; BOLLENS, D, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: Localized and disseminated infections in 27 patients with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995; 21:628-633.
MANFREDI R, MASTROIANNI A, CORONADO DV, et al. Fluconazole as prophylaxis against fungal infection in patients with advanced HIV infection. Arch Intern Med, 1997: 157:64-69.
MADRENYS; De VROEY, C; RAES-WUYTACK, C, and TORRES-RODRIGUEZ, J.M. Identification of the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans from 195 clinical isolates including 84 from AIDS patients. Mycophatologia; 1993. 123(2):65-68.
LI, A; NISHIMURA, K; TAGUCHI, H; et al. The isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings and serotyping of natural and clinically sourced isolates in China. Mycopathologia 1993, Oct; 124(1):1-5.
LEVITZ, S.T., Macrophage Interactions with Cryptococcus neoformans. ASM News, 1998. 64(12): 693-699.
LAZAR JT, et al. Efficacy and safety of AmBisome (liposomal Amphotericine B) in primary episodes of cryptococcosis in patients with HIV infection VII intl conf AIDS, Florence. 1991; 2:226.
LARSEN, R.A.; BOZZETTE, S.A.; JONES, B.E.; et al. Fluconazole combined with fluycytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clinical infectious diseases 1994; 19:741-745.
__________. VAN DER HORST, C; CLOUD, G , et al. Randomized double blind comparison of Amphotericin B plus Flucytosine (AMB-FC) to AMB alone (STEP 1) followed by a comparison of fluconazole to itraconazole (STEP 2) in the treatment of acute Cryptococcal Meningitis in patients with AIDS. AIDS information newsletter-Cryptococcosis, Oportunistic infections. 1995; 126 (part 12): 8-9.
SHARKEY, P.K.; GRAYBILL, J.R.; JOHNSON, E.S.; et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin, infect. Dis. 1996; 22:315-321.
HEELAN, J.S., CARPUS, L., and KESS►MIAN, N. False positive reactions in the latex agglutination test for Cryptococcus neoformans antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol, 1991. 29:1260-1261.
ZHANG H, ZHONG, Z, PIROFSKI, L-A: Peptide epitopes recognised by a human anticryptococcal glucoronoxylomannan antibody. Infect Immun, 1997: 65:1158-1164.
ZLUPKO, G.M., FOCHLER, F.J., GALDSCHMIDT, Z.H. Pulmonary cryptococcosis presenting with multiple pulmonary nodules. Chest, 1980. 77:575.
ZERPA R, HUICHO L, GUILLEN A: Modified India ink preparation for C. neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. J. clin. microb 1996; 34:2290-2291.
SCHURMANN D; et al. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in treating AIDS-associated disseminated cryptococcosis. Journal of infectious diseases 1991 164: 620- 622.
VINCENT M, WEBSTER MH, PETHER JV: Liposomal amphotericin B. Lancet 1992; 339:374-375.
VARTIVARIAN, S.E., ANAISSIE, E.J., COWART, R.E., SPRIGG, H.A., et al. Regulation of Cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron. J. Infect Dis, 1993. 167:186-190.
VARMA, A; SWINNE, D. STAIB, F; et al. Diversity of finggrprints in Cryptococcus neoformans. J.Clin. Microb. 1995, Jul; 33(7):1807-1814.
__________. SAAG, M.S.; CLOUD, G.A.; et al. Treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency sindrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997: 333:15-21.
VAN DER HORST, C; CLOUD, G; et al. Randomized double blind comparison of Amphotericin B plus Flucytosine (AMB-FC) to AMB alone (STEP 1) followed by a comparison of fluconazole to itraconazole (STEP 2) in the treatment of acute Cryptococcal Meningitis in patients with AIDS. AIDS information newsletter-Cryptococcosis, Oportunistic infections. 1995; 126( part 12): 8-9.
TARRAND, J.J., GUILLOT, C., WENGLAR, M., JACKSO, J. et al. Clinical comparision of resin-containing BACTEC 26 Plus and the isolator 10 blood culturing systems. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1991. 29:2245-2249.
SUGAR AM, STERN JJ, DUPONT B. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12(Suppl 3):S338-S348.
SUGAR AM, SAUNDERS C: Oral fluconazole as suppressive therapy of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. MED, 1988: 85;481-489.
SHAUNAK S, SCHELL WA, PERFECT JR. Cryptococcal meningitis with normal cerebrospinal fluid. J. Infect Dis. 1989; 160:912.
HSU, M.M.; CHANG, J.C.; YOKOYAMA, K; et al. Serotypes and mating types of clinical strains of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in Taiwan. Mycopathologia 1994, Feb; 125(2):77-81.
HAGEAGE, G.J., HARRINGTON B.J. Use of Calcofluor white in clinical micology. Lab. Med., 1984. 15:109-112.
HARRISON, Michael J.G.; McARTHUR, Justin C. Cerebral infections in AIDS: Cryptococcal meningitis. Infect Med. 1998; 15(6):396-397, 401-407, 409.
CAMPBELL, C.K. PAYNE, A.L., TEALL, A.J., BROWNELL, A. et al. Cryptococcal latex antigen test positive in patient with Trichosporon beigelii infection. Lancet, 1985. ii:43-44.
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