IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries

IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries

Este artículo revisa y analiza de manera crítica el desarrollo de las regulaciones de propiedad intelectual relacionadas con patentes de productos farmacéuticos en Sudáfrica con un enfoque particular en los casos clave que han dado forma a la evolución y al estado actual del ecosistema de propiedad intelectual en patentes en Sudáfrica. En el documento se encontrará una evaluación técnico-jurídica pero también una narración sociopolítica de las circunstancias, posiciones políticas y avances jurisprudenciales clave que han dado forma a la respuesta de Sudáfrica frente a los grandes retos en materia de enfermedades comunicables y de salud pública, en especial de VIH- sida que ha debido enfrentar en las últimas décadas. Un breve recuento de las... Ver más

Guardado en:

Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial

1657-1959

2346-2116

Quinton Ramaphala, Isaac

Hanauer, Luz Helena

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

10.18601/16571959.n30.01

2020-12-11

5

47

Colombia

TRIPS;

Enfermedades comunicables

SIDA;

VIH;

Política pública;

Cobertura universal;

Salud pública;

SADC;

África meridional;

Patentes;

Farmacéuticos;

Propiedad intelectual;

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

Luz Helena Hanauer, Isaac Quinton Ramaphala - 2020

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Microsoft, case n.º 37.792.
Act 20 of 2005.
Act 57 of 1978.
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
wto Panel Report on Canada – Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products wt/ds114/R 17 March 2000 available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/7428d.pdf
S v Makwanyane (1995) 3 sa 391 CC 246.
South African Railways and Harbour v Standard Truck Co 1982 (1) SA 806 (A) at 818H- 819A.
South African Druggists Ltd v Bayer, AG 1988 SA 519 (T).
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of South Africa v President of the Republic of South Africa, case n.º 4183/98.
Novartis AG (Supreme Court of India) Civil Appeal n.º 2706-2716 on April 1, 2013.
Africa and Others v Minister of Health and Others 2005 (2) SA 530 (cc).
New Clicks South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Tshabala-Msimang and Another NNO; Pharmaceutical Society of South.
Napp Pharmaceutical Holdings Ltd v Director General of Fair Trading [2002] cat 1.
Minister of Health v New Clicks South Africa (Pty) Ltd 2006 (2) SA 311 (cc)
Letraset Ltd v Helios Ltd 1977 (3) SA 254 (A).
IMS Health GmbH & Co kg v ndc Health GmBH Co kg ecr 2004 p I- 05039, the European Commission of .
Act 90 of 1997.
R. Renwick, How to Steal a Country: State Capture and Hopes for the Future of South Africa, Jamaica Media (2018).
L. Van der Walt & P. Visagie, ‘Patenting in South Africa: Emerging Emergency?’ Adams & Adams 1 (2013) available at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=66b41a1d-8a99-4a69-921f-69b443300124
M. Letseka, Urban and Justice as Fairness’, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (2014) 5 (9) 544- 547.
C.B.N Gade, ‘The Historical Development of the written discourses on Ubuntu’ Afr J Philos (2011) 30 (3).
R. Davies, ‘Draft National Policy on Intellectual Property’, Department of Trade and Industry 918 (2013) 14.
R. Loewenson et al ‘Africa Perspectives in global health Diplomacy’ Journal of Health Diplomacy (2) 1.
R. L Ostergaard, ‘The Political Economy of the South African- United States Patent Dispute’ The Journal of World Intellectual Property (2000).
S.B. Meyer, ‘A Healthy Solution for patients and patents: How India’s Legal Victory against pharmaceutical giant reconciles human rights with intellectual property rights’ VJETL (2008) 10 3
Genzyme Ltd v Office of Fair Trade [2004] cat.
S. Busch, ‘Promoting Access to Affordable Generics: Reforming South Africa’s Patent Law to Prevent Evergreening’, IPLJ 101 (2016).
S. Koshy, ‘The Effect of trips on Indian Patent Law: A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective’, Journal of Science and Technology 4 (1995) 1.
S. Musungu, S. Villanueva and R. Blasetti, Utilizing trips Flexibilities for public health protection through South-South Regional Frameworks, South Centre 46 (2004) available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.297.6970
S.J. Stabile, ‘Othering and the Law’ University of S.T Thomas Law Journal (14) 2 (2016) 381.
T. Shakespeare, Choices and Rights: Eugenics, Genetics and Disability Equality, Disability & Soc’ Y (1998) .
Administrator, Cape v Raats v Rontogen Vermeulen (Pty) Ltd 1992 (1) 245 (A) at 254B-E
Act 101 of 1965
Act 59 of 2002.
L.L. Gonzalez, ‘Evergreening Keeps Products Costly: Patents Review Proposal Could Slash Drug Prices’ Cape Times, 10 September 2013.
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Trade and Development in the World Trade Organization, at http://www.wto/english/trutop_e/devel_e.htm last accessed 13/12/2019.
Pressure Against Drug Companies Blackmailing Africa (2001) at http//www.afrol.com/categories/health/health_aidsdrug_price.html
SABC digital News ‘YouTube Channel’: available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnzattvbdc (last accessed 10/12/2019).
The Media online ‘Mckaiser: Why I resigned from sabc’s Interface’, available at http://themediaonline.co.za/2011/07/mckaiser-why-iresigned-from-sabcsinterface/
UNAIDS Data Report of 2018.
UNAIDS Data Report of 2019.
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
General Guidance Note. Protecting your Organisation’s Intellectual Property available at https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.iodsa.co.za/resource/collection/49D62EF3-F749-403C-BE47-73C50F27F30F/General_guidance_note_on_protecting_your_organisation’s__Intellectual_Property.pdf
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF
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Text
Network for Analysis of Longitudinal Population – based HIV/AIDS data on Africa. Special Analysis for UNSAIDS. In: Get on the Fast- Track: the life cycle approach to HIV. Geneva; UNAIDS; 2016.
Gauteng Growth and Development Agency’ Pharmaceuticals Industry Fact Sheet VII I’ 3 (2014) available at http://www.ggda.co.za/investment/ggda_Investment_Hand_Book.pdf
Act 89 of 1998.
Malawian Patent Act.
Act 8 of 2010. Industrial Property Act Order 12, available at http://wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_=277945 last accessed 11/12/2019
Medicines Amendment Act of 1997.
The Patent Act of 1978.
Patent Laws Amendment of 1997 South Africa.
Article xxiv (d) of GATT 1947.
India Patent Law (as amended by 2005 Act).
Industrial Property Act of Zambia.
Domestic Legislation and Court Decisions on Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health in South Africa’ 1- 11 at http://www.docstoc.com/search/southafrica/3 last accessed 16/12/2019
WTO Agreement dealing with subsidies is the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf (last visited 19/11/2013).
Zambian Patent Act.
Abbot, Intellectual Property Watch (2013).
CPTECH citing a report from Medicins Sans Frontiers at http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/zimbabwe
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Differences between hiv- infected men and women in antiretroviral therapy outcomes- six African countries, 2004- 2012. mmwr Morb Mortel WKly Rep. 2013; 62 (47); 946-52.
Department of Trade and Industry South Africa, “Draft National Policy on Intellectual Property 2013: Invitation for the Public to Comment on the National Policy on Intellectual Property 2013 (Notice 918 of 2013)”, published in Government Gazette no. 36816 on 4 September 2013 (hereafter Draft ip Policy), available at www.gov.za/documents/download.php?f=198116 last accessed on 12/12/2019.
L. Ndlovu, Lessons for the sadc from the Indian case of Novartis AG v Union of India. per [online]. 2015, vol.18, n.4 [cited 2020-10-11], pp.783-815. Available at: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-37812015000400003&lng=en&nrm=iso
L. Ndlovu, Access to Medicines Under the World Trade Organization trips Agreement: A Comparative Study of sadc Countries, University of South Africa, May (2014) (Unpublished lld Thesis) available at http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/14185/thesis_ndlovu_l.pdf?sequence=1
LJ, ‘Sovereignty and the African Union’, Journal Part African Studies (2012).
TRIPS;
Centro de Estudios de la Propiedad Intelectual
text/html
application/pdf
Artículo de revista
Núm. 30 , Año 2020 : Julio-Diciembre
30
Enfermedades comunicables
SIDA;
VIH;
Política pública;
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/propin/article/view/7010
Cobertura universal;
Salud pública;
SADC;
África meridional;
Patentes;
Farmacéuticos;
Propiedad intelectual;
Quinton Ramaphala, Isaac
Hanauer, Luz Helena
Este artículo revisa y analiza de manera crítica el desarrollo de las regulaciones de propiedad intelectual relacionadas con patentes de productos farmacéuticos en Sudáfrica con un enfoque particular en los casos clave que han dado forma a la evolución y al estado actual del ecosistema de propiedad intelectual en patentes en Sudáfrica. En el documento se encontrará una evaluación técnico-jurídica pero también una narración sociopolítica de las circunstancias, posiciones políticas y avances jurisprudenciales clave que han dado forma a la respuesta de Sudáfrica frente a los grandes retos en materia de enfermedades comunicables y de salud pública, en especial de VIH- sida que ha debido enfrentar en las últimas décadas. Un breve recuento de las regulaciones y prácticas en los países de la región SADC ha sido incluido como ejercicio comparativo examinando la legislación y los procedimientos adelantados. Adicionalmente, se ha agregado la necesaria mención de India, ya que además de ser uno de los principales proveedores de medicamentos patentados y genéricos, ha sido un referente para la evolución legislativa y jurisprudencial de la región.
Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial
Publication
Español
C.M. Correa & A.A. Yusuf, Intellectual Property and International Trade: The trips Agreement (eds.) (2008).
M. Leis, ‘Death by Treaty: South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Amendment Act of 1997 and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights’, Journal of International Business and Law 13, 12 (2004).
M. Heywood, ‘Debunking “Conglo-Talk”: A Case study of the amicus curiae as an instrument for advocacy, investigation and mobilisation’ Law, Democracy, Development 5 (2) (2001).
K. Bombach, ‘Can South Africa really fight Aids? Reconciling the South African Medicines and Related Substances Act with the trips Agreement’, intl 19 bu L7 273, 281.
J. Todres, Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking, Santa Clara Law Review (2009) 49 609.
J. Steinberg, The Three Letter Plague: A Young Man’s Journey through a great Epidemic, Jonathan Ball Publishers (2008).
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J. Fumorodze, ‘The wto trips Agreement on Access to Medicines in South Africa’ Botswana Law Journal 13 (2011).
E. Su, ‘The Winners and Losers: trips and its Effect on Developing Countries’, HJIL 1 (2000) 172-3.
DS Phiri’ Economic Partnership Agreements and International Property Right Protection: Challenge for SADC Region’ said Occupational Paper n.º 48 (2009).
D. Reekie, South Africa’s Battle with aids and Drug Prices, at http://www.org/ba334/ba334.html last accessed 13/12/2019
D.C. McNell, Five Years In, Gauging Impact of Grants, NY Times, December 20, 2010.
C. Tomlinson & L. Rutler, ‘The Economic and social case for patent law reform in South Africa’ Fix the Patent Laws 3 (2014) available at https://health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/The-Economic-and-Social-Case-for-Patent-Law-Reform-in-South-Africa.pdf
CM Ho, Current Controversies Concerning Patent Rights and Public Health in a world of International Norms, in Patent Law Theory: A Handbook of Contemporary Research, Tokisho Takaneka (eds.) (2008).
E. Erikson, Ghandi’s Truth on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. WW Norton (1969).
A. Rahmatian’ Neo- Colonial Aspects of Global Intellectual Property Protection’, Journal of World Intellectual Property (2009) 12 (1).
A. Pouris & A. Pouris, ‘Patents and economic development in South Africa: Managing Intellectual Property Rights, SAJS 5 107.
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
A.D. Mitchell & T. Voon, ‘Patents Public Health in the WTO, FTAS and Beyond: Tension and Conflict in International Law’ Journal of World Trade 43 (2009) 571- 601.
Luz Helena Hanauer, Isaac Quinton Ramaphala - 2020
This paper reviews and critically analyses the development of Intellectual Property regulations related to patents of pharmaceuticals in South Africa with a particular focus on the landmark cases that have shaped the evolution and current status of the IP ecosystem in South Africa. It provides a technical-legal but also a socio-political assessment of the circumstances, political positions, and vital jurisprudential advances that South Africa has implemented Vis a Vis the critical challenges for Public Health it faced with communicable diseases, especially VIH aids. A brief comparative account of the regulations in the neighbouring countries is provided with the necessary reference to India, which has been influential in the local developments as well as in the continental import patterns. An indication of the regulation and practices in the countries of the SADC region was included as a comparative exercise examining the existing legislation and procedures. Additionally, the regulatory evolution of India was mentioned as it is one of the primary providers of patented and generic medicines, but also a referent for the legislative and jurisprudential development of the Southern Africa region.
Intellectual property;
Pharmaceuticals;
Patents;
Southern Africa;
SADC;
Public Health;
Universal Cover;
Public Policy;
TRIPS;
HIV;
AIDS;
Communicable Diseases
IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
Journal article
1657-1959
5
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/propin/article/download/7010/9574
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/propin/article/download/7010/9728
47
https://doi.org/10.18601/16571959.n30.01
2020-12-11
2346-2116
2020-12-11T14:05:22Z
10.18601/16571959.n30.01
2020-12-11T14:05:22Z
institution UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA
thumbnail https://nuevo.metarevistas.org/UNIVERSIDADEXTERNADODECOLOMBIA/logo.png
country_str Colombia
collection Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial
title IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
spellingShingle IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
Quinton Ramaphala, Isaac
Hanauer, Luz Helena
TRIPS;
Enfermedades comunicables
SIDA;
VIH;
Política pública;
Cobertura universal;
Salud pública;
SADC;
África meridional;
Patentes;
Farmacéuticos;
Propiedad intelectual;
Intellectual property;
Pharmaceuticals;
Patents;
Southern Africa;
SADC;
Public Health;
Universal Cover;
Public Policy;
TRIPS;
HIV;
AIDS;
Communicable Diseases
title_short IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
title_full IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
title_fullStr IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
title_full_unstemmed IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
title_sort ip regulation in south africa – evolution, current status and comparison with sadc region countries
title_eng IP Regulation in South Africa – Evolution, Current Status and comparison with SADC region countries
description Este artículo revisa y analiza de manera crítica el desarrollo de las regulaciones de propiedad intelectual relacionadas con patentes de productos farmacéuticos en Sudáfrica con un enfoque particular en los casos clave que han dado forma a la evolución y al estado actual del ecosistema de propiedad intelectual en patentes en Sudáfrica. En el documento se encontrará una evaluación técnico-jurídica pero también una narración sociopolítica de las circunstancias, posiciones políticas y avances jurisprudenciales clave que han dado forma a la respuesta de Sudáfrica frente a los grandes retos en materia de enfermedades comunicables y de salud pública, en especial de VIH- sida que ha debido enfrentar en las últimas décadas. Un breve recuento de las regulaciones y prácticas en los países de la región SADC ha sido incluido como ejercicio comparativo examinando la legislación y los procedimientos adelantados. Adicionalmente, se ha agregado la necesaria mención de India, ya que además de ser uno de los principales proveedores de medicamentos patentados y genéricos, ha sido un referente para la evolución legislativa y jurisprudencial de la región.
description_eng This paper reviews and critically analyses the development of Intellectual Property regulations related to patents of pharmaceuticals in South Africa with a particular focus on the landmark cases that have shaped the evolution and current status of the IP ecosystem in South Africa. It provides a technical-legal but also a socio-political assessment of the circumstances, political positions, and vital jurisprudential advances that South Africa has implemented Vis a Vis the critical challenges for Public Health it faced with communicable diseases, especially VIH aids. A brief comparative account of the regulations in the neighbouring countries is provided with the necessary reference to India, which has been influential in the local developments as well as in the continental import patterns. An indication of the regulation and practices in the countries of the SADC region was included as a comparative exercise examining the existing legislation and procedures. Additionally, the regulatory evolution of India was mentioned as it is one of the primary providers of patented and generic medicines, but also a referent for the legislative and jurisprudential development of the Southern Africa region.
author Quinton Ramaphala, Isaac
Hanauer, Luz Helena
author_facet Quinton Ramaphala, Isaac
Hanauer, Luz Helena
topicspa_str_mv TRIPS;
Enfermedades comunicables
SIDA;
VIH;
Política pública;
Cobertura universal;
Salud pública;
SADC;
África meridional;
Patentes;
Farmacéuticos;
Propiedad intelectual;
topic TRIPS;
Enfermedades comunicables
SIDA;
VIH;
Política pública;
Cobertura universal;
Salud pública;
SADC;
África meridional;
Patentes;
Farmacéuticos;
Propiedad intelectual;
Intellectual property;
Pharmaceuticals;
Patents;
Southern Africa;
SADC;
Public Health;
Universal Cover;
Public Policy;
TRIPS;
HIV;
AIDS;
Communicable Diseases
topic_facet TRIPS;
Enfermedades comunicables
SIDA;
VIH;
Política pública;
Cobertura universal;
Salud pública;
SADC;
África meridional;
Patentes;
Farmacéuticos;
Propiedad intelectual;
Intellectual property;
Pharmaceuticals;
Patents;
Southern Africa;
SADC;
Public Health;
Universal Cover;
Public Policy;
TRIPS;
HIV;
AIDS;
Communicable Diseases
citationissue 30
citationedition Núm. 30 , Año 2020 : Julio-Diciembre
publisher Centro de Estudios de la Propiedad Intelectual
ispartofjournal Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/propin/article/view/7010
language Español
format Article
rights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Luz Helena Hanauer, Isaac Quinton Ramaphala - 2020
references Microsoft, case n.º 37.792.
Act 20 of 2005.
Act 57 of 1978.
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
wto Panel Report on Canada – Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products wt/ds114/R 17 March 2000 available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/7428d.pdf
S v Makwanyane (1995) 3 sa 391 CC 246.
South African Railways and Harbour v Standard Truck Co 1982 (1) SA 806 (A) at 818H- 819A.
South African Druggists Ltd v Bayer, AG 1988 SA 519 (T).
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of South Africa v President of the Republic of South Africa, case n.º 4183/98.
Novartis AG (Supreme Court of India) Civil Appeal n.º 2706-2716 on April 1, 2013.
Africa and Others v Minister of Health and Others 2005 (2) SA 530 (cc).
New Clicks South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Tshabala-Msimang and Another NNO; Pharmaceutical Society of South.
Napp Pharmaceutical Holdings Ltd v Director General of Fair Trading [2002] cat 1.
Minister of Health v New Clicks South Africa (Pty) Ltd 2006 (2) SA 311 (cc)
Letraset Ltd v Helios Ltd 1977 (3) SA 254 (A).
IMS Health GmbH & Co kg v ndc Health GmBH Co kg ecr 2004 p I- 05039, the European Commission of .
Act 90 of 1997.
R. Renwick, How to Steal a Country: State Capture and Hopes for the Future of South Africa, Jamaica Media (2018).
L. Van der Walt & P. Visagie, ‘Patenting in South Africa: Emerging Emergency?’ Adams & Adams 1 (2013) available at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=66b41a1d-8a99-4a69-921f-69b443300124
M. Letseka, Urban and Justice as Fairness’, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (2014) 5 (9) 544- 547.
C.B.N Gade, ‘The Historical Development of the written discourses on Ubuntu’ Afr J Philos (2011) 30 (3).
R. Davies, ‘Draft National Policy on Intellectual Property’, Department of Trade and Industry 918 (2013) 14.
R. Loewenson et al ‘Africa Perspectives in global health Diplomacy’ Journal of Health Diplomacy (2) 1.
R. L Ostergaard, ‘The Political Economy of the South African- United States Patent Dispute’ The Journal of World Intellectual Property (2000).
S.B. Meyer, ‘A Healthy Solution for patients and patents: How India’s Legal Victory against pharmaceutical giant reconciles human rights with intellectual property rights’ VJETL (2008) 10 3
Genzyme Ltd v Office of Fair Trade [2004] cat.
S. Busch, ‘Promoting Access to Affordable Generics: Reforming South Africa’s Patent Law to Prevent Evergreening’, IPLJ 101 (2016).
S. Koshy, ‘The Effect of trips on Indian Patent Law: A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective’, Journal of Science and Technology 4 (1995) 1.
S. Musungu, S. Villanueva and R. Blasetti, Utilizing trips Flexibilities for public health protection through South-South Regional Frameworks, South Centre 46 (2004) available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.297.6970
S.J. Stabile, ‘Othering and the Law’ University of S.T Thomas Law Journal (14) 2 (2016) 381.
T. Shakespeare, Choices and Rights: Eugenics, Genetics and Disability Equality, Disability & Soc’ Y (1998) .
Administrator, Cape v Raats v Rontogen Vermeulen (Pty) Ltd 1992 (1) 245 (A) at 254B-E
Act 101 of 1965
Act 59 of 2002.
L.L. Gonzalez, ‘Evergreening Keeps Products Costly: Patents Review Proposal Could Slash Drug Prices’ Cape Times, 10 September 2013.
Trade and Development in the World Trade Organization, at http://www.wto/english/trutop_e/devel_e.htm last accessed 13/12/2019.
Pressure Against Drug Companies Blackmailing Africa (2001) at http//www.afrol.com/categories/health/health_aidsdrug_price.html
SABC digital News ‘YouTube Channel’: available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnzattvbdc (last accessed 10/12/2019).
The Media online ‘Mckaiser: Why I resigned from sabc’s Interface’, available at http://themediaonline.co.za/2011/07/mckaiser-why-iresigned-from-sabcsinterface/
UNAIDS Data Report of 2018.
UNAIDS Data Report of 2019.
General Guidance Note. Protecting your Organisation’s Intellectual Property available at https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.iodsa.co.za/resource/collection/49D62EF3-F749-403C-BE47-73C50F27F30F/General_guidance_note_on_protecting_your_organisation’s__Intellectual_Property.pdf
Network for Analysis of Longitudinal Population – based HIV/AIDS data on Africa. Special Analysis for UNSAIDS. In: Get on the Fast- Track: the life cycle approach to HIV. Geneva; UNAIDS; 2016.
Gauteng Growth and Development Agency’ Pharmaceuticals Industry Fact Sheet VII I’ 3 (2014) available at http://www.ggda.co.za/investment/ggda_Investment_Hand_Book.pdf
Act 89 of 1998.
Malawian Patent Act.
Act 8 of 2010. Industrial Property Act Order 12, available at http://wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_=277945 last accessed 11/12/2019
Medicines Amendment Act of 1997.
The Patent Act of 1978.
Patent Laws Amendment of 1997 South Africa.
Article xxiv (d) of GATT 1947.
India Patent Law (as amended by 2005 Act).
Industrial Property Act of Zambia.
Domestic Legislation and Court Decisions on Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health in South Africa’ 1- 11 at http://www.docstoc.com/search/southafrica/3 last accessed 16/12/2019
WTO Agreement dealing with subsidies is the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf (last visited 19/11/2013).
Zambian Patent Act.
Abbot, Intellectual Property Watch (2013).
CPTECH citing a report from Medicins Sans Frontiers at http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/zimbabwe
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Differences between hiv- infected men and women in antiretroviral therapy outcomes- six African countries, 2004- 2012. mmwr Morb Mortel WKly Rep. 2013; 62 (47); 946-52.
Department of Trade and Industry South Africa, “Draft National Policy on Intellectual Property 2013: Invitation for the Public to Comment on the National Policy on Intellectual Property 2013 (Notice 918 of 2013)”, published in Government Gazette no. 36816 on 4 September 2013 (hereafter Draft ip Policy), available at www.gov.za/documents/download.php?f=198116 last accessed on 12/12/2019.
L. Ndlovu, Lessons for the sadc from the Indian case of Novartis AG v Union of India. per [online]. 2015, vol.18, n.4 [cited 2020-10-11], pp.783-815. Available at: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-37812015000400003&lng=en&nrm=iso
L. Ndlovu, Access to Medicines Under the World Trade Organization trips Agreement: A Comparative Study of sadc Countries, University of South Africa, May (2014) (Unpublished lld Thesis) available at http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/14185/thesis_ndlovu_l.pdf?sequence=1
LJ, ‘Sovereignty and the African Union’, Journal Part African Studies (2012).
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