Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options

Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options

This work analysis Nigeria’s effort to counter terrorism and criminal financing (TCF). It shows that criminal and terrorist organizations in fund their operations through an illegal financial infrastructure embedded in the Nigerian financial sector. To counter and deny access to funds that could be used to destabilize the state and compromise the integrity of financial institutions in the country to these malign non-state actors, Nigeria has deployed several strategies. By using qualitative research methodology, and a historical, descriptive, and narrative approach, it was discovered that Nigeria has used both government institutions, such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (N... Ver más

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2500-7807

2539-5300

Chukwuemeka, Nnamani E.

Falode , Adewunmi J.

UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO

10.21789/25007807.1861

2022-03-08

Colombia

terrorism and criminal financing

International cooperation

Nigeria

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Razón Crítica - 2022

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spelling Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
terrorism and criminal financing
Artículo de revista
Núm. 13 , Año 2022 : Dossier. Understanding the Role of China as a Driver of Global Change
13
International cooperation
Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Nigeria
Chukwuemeka, Nnamani E.
Falode , Adewunmi J.
This work analysis Nigeria’s effort to counter terrorism and criminal financing (TCF). It shows that criminal and terrorist organizations in fund their operations through an illegal financial infrastructure embedded in the Nigerian financial sector. To counter and deny access to funds that could be used to destabilize the state and compromise the integrity of financial institutions in the country to these malign non-state actors, Nigeria has deployed several strategies. By using qualitative research methodology, and a historical, descriptive, and narrative approach, it was discovered that Nigeria has used both government institutions, such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) and legal-cum financial instruments, such as the Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act (TPAA) and the Anti Money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT), to disrupt TCF in the country. In its conclusion, the work argues that Nigeria will have to be strategic in its response if it hopes to effectively counter TCF. This strategic response, this work show, will involve the extensive use of technical and financial expertise from international anti-money laundering bodies like the EGMONT Group and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
Razón Crítica
McCoy, T. (2014, June 6). Paying for Terrorism: Where Does Boko Haram gets its Money from? Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/Africa
Moton, A. (2010). Understanding Terrorism: Contested Concept, Conflicting Perspectives and Shattering Consequences. Intellectual Discourse, 18(1), 35-63
Mutual Evaluation – Nigeria. (2012). Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA), Dakar, Senegal. https://www.giaba.org/media/f/823_4thFURNigeria-English.pdf
Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit Report (NFIUR). (2011). Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit. https://www.nfiu.gov.ng/images/Downloads/downloads/annualreport.pdf
Maza, K. D., Koldas, U., & Aksit, S. (2020, April-June). Challenges of Combating Terrorist Financing in the Lake Chad Region: A Case of Boko Haram. Sage Open, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020934
Maina, M. (2021, July 15). Boko Haram/ISWAP: Terrorists still Control Villages, Collect Taxes but not Governing Borno – Residents. Daily Post. https://dailypost.ng/2021/07/15/boko-haram-iswap-terrorists-still-control-villages-collect-taxes-but-not-governing-borno-residents/
Levitt, M. & Jacobson, M. (2008). The Money Trail: Finding, Following and Freezing Finances. Washington DC. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
Jackson, J. K. (2017, March, 23). The Financial Action Task Force: An Overview. Congressional Research Services, RS21904. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21904.pdf
Guitta, O. & Simcox, R. (2014) Terrorism in Nigeria: The Threats from Boko Haram and Ansaru. London: The Henry Jackson Society. http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nigeria-Boko-Haram-Strategic-Briefing.pdf
Ibrahim, B. and Mukhtar, J. I. (2017, September). An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Kidnapping in Nigeria. African research Review, 11(4), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v11i4.11
International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2021, May). IMF Policy Paper 2021 Financial Sector Assessment Program Review – Background Paper on Quantitative Analysis. International Monetary Fund, Washington, United States. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513584126.007
Independent Advisory Group on Country Information (IAGCI). (2021, July). Nigeria: Islamist Extremist Groups in North East Nigeria, Version 3.0. Home Government, United Kingdom. http://ent/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1003788/NGA__Islamist_extremist_groups_in_North_East_Nigeria_-_CPIN_-_v3.0__FINAL_Gov_UK_.pdf
Hoffman, L. K. & Melly, P. (2015, December). Nigeria’s Booming Borders: The Drivers and Consequences of Unrecorded Trade. Chatham House Report. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/20151207NigeriaBoomingBordersKoniHoffmannMelly.pdf
OECD. (2019). Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD). http://www.oecd.org/tax/crime/money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-awareness-handbook-for-tax-examiners-and-tax-auditors.pdf
GIABA Strategic Plan, 2016-2020. (2015). Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA), Dakar, Senegal. https://www.giaba.org/media/f/1014_ENG-GIABA2016-2020StrategicPlan.pdf
GIABA. (2013). The Nexus between Small and Light Weapons and Money Laundering in West Africa. Inter-governmental Action Group Against Laundering in West Africa (GIABA).https://www.giaba.org/media/f/613_519_giabasalwnexus-final.pdf
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 30 Years. (2019). Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Paris. http://www.fatfgafi.org/publications/fatfgeneraldocuments/FATF-30.html
FATF. (2014). Terrorist Financing in West and Central Africa. Financial Action Task Force (FAFT). https://www.fatfgafi.org/publications/methodsandtrends/documents/terrorist-financing-west-central-africa.html
Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) Act, 2018. (2018). Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit. https://www.nfiu.gov.ng/images/Downloads/downloads/Nigerian-Financial-Intelligence-Unit-Act-2018.pdf
UNODC. (2009). Model Provisions on Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, Preventive Measures and Proceeds of Crime. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). https://www.unodc.org/documents/money-laundering/Model_Provisions_Final.pdf
Onyema, M., Roy, P., Oredola, H. & Ayinla, S. (2018). The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Politics of (In) effective Implementation of Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption Policy. Anti-Corruption Evidence, Working Paper 007. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31283/1/ACE-WorkingPaper007-EFCC-Nigeria.pdf
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Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 2011 (TPA). (2011, June 10). Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, FGP99/82011/1,000(OL55), 98(59). Lagos: Federal Government Printer. https://gazettes.africa/archive/ng/2011/ng- government-gazette-dated-2011-06-10-no-59.pdf
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Este trabajo analiza los esfuerzos de Nigeria para contrarrestar la financiación del terrorismo y la criminalidad. Muestra que las organizaciones criminales y terroristas en el país costean sus operaciones a través de una infraestructura financiera ilegal incrustada en el sector financiero del país. Para contrarrestar y negar el acceso a estos actores no estatales malignos a fondos que podrían usarse para desestabilizar el estado y comprometer la integridad de las instituciones financieras, Nigeria ha implementado varias estrategias. Al utilizar una metodología de investigación cualitativa y un enfoque histórico, descriptivo y narrativo, se descubrió que Nigeria ha utilizado instituciones gubernamentales, como la Comisión de Delitos Económicos y Financieros (EFCC) y la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera de Nigeria (NFIU), e instrumentos financiero-legales, como la Ley (de Prevención) (Enmienda) del Terrorismo (TPAA) y la Ley contra el Lavado de Dinero/Lucha contra el Financiamiento del Terrorismo (AML/CFT), para interrumpir el flujo de financiación al terrorismo y la criminalidad en el país. En su conclusión, el trabajo argumenta que Nigeria tendrá que ser estratégica en su respuesta si espera contrarrestar efectivamente la financiación del terrorismo y la criminalidad. Esta respuesta estratégica, según evidencia la investigación, implicará el uso extensivo de la experiencia técnica y financiera de organismos internacionales contra el lavado de dinero como el Grupo EGMONT y el Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI).
terrorismo y financiamiento criminal
Nigeria
Cooperación internacional
Journal article
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https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/razoncritica/article/view/Countering-Terrorism-Criminal-Financing-Nigeria-Strategic-Options
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Razón Crítica - 2022
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La lucha contra la financiación del terrorismo y la criminalidad en Nigeria: opciones estratégicas
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Egmont Group. NIGERIA. (2021). Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU). https://egmontgroup.org/fr/node/2528
Blanchard, L. (2014). Nigeria’s Boko Haram: Frequently Asked Question. Congressional Research Service. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=754842
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Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). (2021). The Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in West Africa (GIABA). https://www.ecowas.int/institutions/the-inter-governmental-action-group-against-money-laundering-and-terrorism-financing-in-west-africa-giaba/
Diya, O. O. & Ilegogie, O. (2018, March 15). Nigeria in the Face of Expulsion from Egmont Group. Mondaq – Aelex. https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/white-collar-crime-anti-corruption-fraud/683386/in-the-face-of-expulsion-from-the-egmont-group
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). (2018). Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CTF) Policy and Procedure Manual. Central Bank of Nigeria. https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2019/ccd/cbnanti-moneylaundering_combatingthefinancingofterrorism_manual(2).pdf
Campbell, J. (2020, November 18). Financing Boko Haram. https://www.cfr.org/blog/financing-boko-haram
Campbel, J. (2021, February 18). Kidnapping and Ransom Payments in Nigeria. Foreign Affairs. https://www.cfr.org/blog/kidnapping-and-ransom-payments-nigeria
Brantly, A. (2014). Financing Terror Bit by Bit. CTC Sentinel, 7(10). 1-5. https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/CTCSentinel-Vol7Iss101.pdf
Bowers, B. B. (2009, January). Hawala, Money Laundering, and Terrorism Finance: Mirco- Lending as an End to Illicit Remittance. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 37(3), 379-380. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261&context=djilp
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collection Razón Crítica
title Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
spellingShingle Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
Chukwuemeka, Nnamani E.
Falode , Adewunmi J.
terrorism and criminal financing
International cooperation
Nigeria
terrorismo y financiamiento criminal
Nigeria
Cooperación internacional
title_short Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
title_full Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
title_fullStr Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
title_full_unstemmed Countering Terrorism and Criminal Financing in Nigeria: Strategic Options
title_sort countering terrorism and criminal financing in nigeria: strategic options
title_eng La lucha contra la financiación del terrorismo y la criminalidad en Nigeria: opciones estratégicas
description This work analysis Nigeria’s effort to counter terrorism and criminal financing (TCF). It shows that criminal and terrorist organizations in fund their operations through an illegal financial infrastructure embedded in the Nigerian financial sector. To counter and deny access to funds that could be used to destabilize the state and compromise the integrity of financial institutions in the country to these malign non-state actors, Nigeria has deployed several strategies. By using qualitative research methodology, and a historical, descriptive, and narrative approach, it was discovered that Nigeria has used both government institutions, such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) and legal-cum financial instruments, such as the Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act (TPAA) and the Anti Money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT), to disrupt TCF in the country. In its conclusion, the work argues that Nigeria will have to be strategic in its response if it hopes to effectively counter TCF. This strategic response, this work show, will involve the extensive use of technical and financial expertise from international anti-money laundering bodies like the EGMONT Group and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).
description_eng Este trabajo analiza los esfuerzos de Nigeria para contrarrestar la financiación del terrorismo y la criminalidad. Muestra que las organizaciones criminales y terroristas en el país costean sus operaciones a través de una infraestructura financiera ilegal incrustada en el sector financiero del país. Para contrarrestar y negar el acceso a estos actores no estatales malignos a fondos que podrían usarse para desestabilizar el estado y comprometer la integridad de las instituciones financieras, Nigeria ha implementado varias estrategias. Al utilizar una metodología de investigación cualitativa y un enfoque histórico, descriptivo y narrativo, se descubrió que Nigeria ha utilizado instituciones gubernamentales, como la Comisión de Delitos Económicos y Financieros (EFCC) y la Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera de Nigeria (NFIU), e instrumentos financiero-legales, como la Ley (de Prevención) (Enmienda) del Terrorismo (TPAA) y la Ley contra el Lavado de Dinero/Lucha contra el Financiamiento del Terrorismo (AML/CFT), para interrumpir el flujo de financiación al terrorismo y la criminalidad en el país. En su conclusión, el trabajo argumenta que Nigeria tendrá que ser estratégica en su respuesta si espera contrarrestar efectivamente la financiación del terrorismo y la criminalidad. Esta respuesta estratégica, según evidencia la investigación, implicará el uso extensivo de la experiencia técnica y financiera de organismos internacionales contra el lavado de dinero como el Grupo EGMONT y el Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional (GAFI).
author Chukwuemeka, Nnamani E.
Falode , Adewunmi J.
author_facet Chukwuemeka, Nnamani E.
Falode , Adewunmi J.
topicspa_str_mv terrorism and criminal financing
International cooperation
Nigeria
topic terrorism and criminal financing
International cooperation
Nigeria
terrorismo y financiamiento criminal
Nigeria
Cooperación internacional
topic_facet terrorism and criminal financing
International cooperation
Nigeria
terrorismo y financiamiento criminal
Nigeria
Cooperación internacional
citationissue 13
citationedition Núm. 13 , Año 2022 : Dossier. Understanding the Role of China as a Driver of Global Change
publisher Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano
ispartofjournal Razón Crítica
source https://revistas.utadeo.edu.co/index.php/razoncritica/article/view/Countering-Terrorism-Criminal-Financing-Nigeria-Strategic-Options
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Razón Crítica - 2022
references_eng McCoy, T. (2014, June 6). Paying for Terrorism: Where Does Boko Haram gets its Money from? Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/Africa
Moton, A. (2010). Understanding Terrorism: Contested Concept, Conflicting Perspectives and Shattering Consequences. Intellectual Discourse, 18(1), 35-63
Mutual Evaluation – Nigeria. (2012). Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA), Dakar, Senegal. https://www.giaba.org/media/f/823_4thFURNigeria-English.pdf
Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit Report (NFIUR). (2011). Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit. https://www.nfiu.gov.ng/images/Downloads/downloads/annualreport.pdf
Maza, K. D., Koldas, U., & Aksit, S. (2020, April-June). Challenges of Combating Terrorist Financing in the Lake Chad Region: A Case of Boko Haram. Sage Open, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020934
Maina, M. (2021, July 15). Boko Haram/ISWAP: Terrorists still Control Villages, Collect Taxes but not Governing Borno – Residents. Daily Post. https://dailypost.ng/2021/07/15/boko-haram-iswap-terrorists-still-control-villages-collect-taxes-but-not-governing-borno-residents/
Levitt, M. & Jacobson, M. (2008). The Money Trail: Finding, Following and Freezing Finances. Washington DC. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
Jackson, J. K. (2017, March, 23). The Financial Action Task Force: An Overview. Congressional Research Services, RS21904. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21904.pdf
Guitta, O. & Simcox, R. (2014) Terrorism in Nigeria: The Threats from Boko Haram and Ansaru. London: The Henry Jackson Society. http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nigeria-Boko-Haram-Strategic-Briefing.pdf
Ibrahim, B. and Mukhtar, J. I. (2017, September). An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Kidnapping in Nigeria. African research Review, 11(4), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v11i4.11
International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2021, May). IMF Policy Paper 2021 Financial Sector Assessment Program Review – Background Paper on Quantitative Analysis. International Monetary Fund, Washington, United States. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513584126.007
Independent Advisory Group on Country Information (IAGCI). (2021, July). Nigeria: Islamist Extremist Groups in North East Nigeria, Version 3.0. Home Government, United Kingdom. http://ent/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1003788/NGA__Islamist_extremist_groups_in_North_East_Nigeria_-_CPIN_-_v3.0__FINAL_Gov_UK_.pdf
Hoffman, L. K. & Melly, P. (2015, December). Nigeria’s Booming Borders: The Drivers and Consequences of Unrecorded Trade. Chatham House Report. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/20151207NigeriaBoomingBordersKoniHoffmannMelly.pdf
OECD. (2019). Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD). http://www.oecd.org/tax/crime/money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-awareness-handbook-for-tax-examiners-and-tax-auditors.pdf
GIABA Strategic Plan, 2016-2020. (2015). Inter-Governmental Action Group Against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA), Dakar, Senegal. https://www.giaba.org/media/f/1014_ENG-GIABA2016-2020StrategicPlan.pdf
GIABA. (2013). The Nexus between Small and Light Weapons and Money Laundering in West Africa. Inter-governmental Action Group Against Laundering in West Africa (GIABA).https://www.giaba.org/media/f/613_519_giabasalwnexus-final.pdf
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 30 Years. (2019). Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Paris. http://www.fatfgafi.org/publications/fatfgeneraldocuments/FATF-30.html
FATF. (2014). Terrorist Financing in West and Central Africa. Financial Action Task Force (FAFT). https://www.fatfgafi.org/publications/methodsandtrends/documents/terrorist-financing-west-central-africa.html
Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) Act, 2018. (2018). Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit. https://www.nfiu.gov.ng/images/Downloads/downloads/Nigerian-Financial-Intelligence-Unit-Act-2018.pdf
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Onyema, M., Roy, P., Oredola, H. & Ayinla, S. (2018). The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Politics of (In) effective Implementation of Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption Policy. Anti-Corruption Evidence, Working Paper 007. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31283/1/ACE-WorkingPaper007-EFCC-Nigeria.pdf
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